Campus Unrest Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s,

Campus Unrest In response to great opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, the antiwar movement of the 1960s sprung forth. A vast majority of involvement in this movement was represented on college campuses across the nation. Many college students wholeheartedly believed that the war in Vietnam served no point. America was simply once again sticking its nose in business that was not our own. As a result of the war, universities nationwide in the sixties were in uproar as students attempted to express their opinions through both violent and nonviolent means. Anti-Vietnam protests were first displayed through teach-ins that took place during the fall and spring semesters (Campus Unrest 1). These events were large discussions held on college campuses where students, faculty and administration met to openly learn about and discuss issues relating to the war. Teach-ins were efforts for Americans in relation to universities to voice their opinions and get the attention of government officials with the prayer that United States involvement in the war would not continue to increase at such a rapid rate. They stressed the importance of peace, not violence. Such teach-ins first took place in March of 1965 at the University of Michigan. This set a precedent for other colleges and universities as these rallies began to take place more and more frequently (Campus Unrest 1). One example of a teach-in that occurred during the anti-Vietnam war movement was discussed in the Rutgers Daily TARGUM. In April of 1965, students and faculty at Rutgers in New Jersey staged a Teach-in on Vietnam. Professors William Fitzpatrick, Lloyd Gardner, and Warren Susman had taken the podium to debate their stances on the war in Vietnam. Gardner felt that [w]estern civilization was greatest when isolated to the size of Greek city-states, and failed most miserable when it reached out to take lands it was not entitled to take (Hochman 1). Fitzpatrick on the other hand expressed a very different opinion: We are fighting in Vietnam not to save our little brown brother, but to save ourselves...we live in a world today of civilizational struggle (Hochman 1).The third professor, Susman, suddenly became extremely angry and bolted towards the two, banging on the podium when he approached. The crowd witnessing the event went wild and stood to applaud Susman, and the remainder of the tea ch-in proved to be just as out of control. Eleven speeches were given in all discussing U.S. involvement in Vietnam and other pertinent issues. This teach-in at Rutgers was similar to many others nationwide that took place on college campuses in opposition to the war (Hochman 2). Another teach-in took place at the University of California Berkely. It was the largest teach-in yet and it lasted for thirty-six hours and over thirty thousand people participated in it. There were also marches on Washington Avenue in which twenty-five thousand people attended. These marches became popular when the college students went home for the summer (Wells 25). Also, in the early 1960s drastic social change was being pushed from another direction at universities. An organization known as Students for a Democratic Society sprung forth in order to instigate this type of reform (Vietnam 2). Leaders of the SDS realized that many college students were becoming restless with the way many aspects of society were operating, especially the United States action in the Vietnam War. They were sick of sitting back indifferently while the aspects of society they valued were falling apart (Port 8). The SDS believed that colleges and universities were the ideal places to initiate such social transitions in America. There were four main reasons these students felt convicted in this way. One was because these schools were places of education that had great influences on the opinions of students attending. A second reason was because colleges were the most principal establishments for utilizing information. Another was the way skills of persuasion and exploitation learned in classes could be used. A fourth reason was the great socioeconomic diversity present on every college campus. Universities were optimal locations for nearly every thought and opinion from across the country to be expressed (Port 12). For these grounds, Students for a Democratic Society came together to ensure that universities stepped out of

Psychology Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours

Psychology Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours A normal person exhibits the constituents of a normal personality. Anyone with an appropriate perception of reality, self-esteem and acceptance, the ability to exercise voluntary control over their own behaviour, productive and ability to form affectionate relationship is considered normal. On the other hand, a person is termed abnormal when he or she exhibits aspects of abnormal personality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the factors that may lead to an individual being pronounced abnormal include deviation from statistical and cultural norms, personal distress and maladaptive behaviour. Some people may be, however, considered abnormal in relation to their cultural behaviour compared to that of the others. Differences in individuals’ culture and situations form significant factors in the classification of abnormal behaviours (Kring Johnson 2010, 97). In order to answer this question (is it normal to be abnormal?), we are to have a clear understanding of abnormal psychology. Abnormal from the surface meaning is something that falls outside the norm. The norm of reference belongs to a particular group, age or gender. Most human behaviours follow the normal curve. Individual who falls far from the apex of this normal curve may be considered abnormal. From many studies, an apposition of normal and abnormal is not the same as that of good and bad. Abnormal psychology asserts that instead of focusing on the differences between what is normal and what is abnormal, the focus should be on the distress level or disruption that might be caused by a troubling behaviour. If behaviour causes problems in someone’s life or disrupts the comfort of other people, then such a behaviour might be termed abnormal and require some kind of mental health intervention (Carr 1999, 105). Abnormal psychology may be describe d in different perspectives. There is the behavioural perspective which focuses on the behaviour exhibited by people. In a behavioural therapy, the focus is put on the positive and maladaptive behaviours. This approach of abnormal psychology only emphasizes the behaviour itself and leaves out the underlying factors.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The medical approach to abnormal psychology puts focus on the biological causes of the mental illness. This perspective is based on the underlying causes of mental disorders that may include related physical disorders, genetic inheritance, chemical imbalances and infections. The medical therapeutics is naturally pharmaceutical even though they are usually used in collaboration with other types of psychotherapy. Lastly, the cognitive approach of the abnormal psychology focuses on the internal perceptions, thoughts and reasoning tha t may contribute to psychological disorders. The cognitive treatments allied to these disorders focus typically on helping people in changing their reactions or thoughts. Cognitive therapy may be, however, used in collaboration with the behavioural methods (Boyne 2009, 87). Just as indicated from various studies, an individual who deviates from the norm is termed abnormal. But what norm do these studies refer to? When an individual appears in a different society with the norms different from those he/she has been used to, he/she may exhibit abnormality to the local people. To them, the person is abnormal in terms of the behaviours he or she exhibits, but to the subject, he or she is normal as far as their norm is concerned. Therefore, to this extent, it is normal to be abnormal. However, universal considerations of abnormal individuals have been made by scholars. One definition of abnormality is the statistical deviation. This is witnessed in the curve of human characteristics. Thos e people who stray much from the average of the curve become universally abnormal. The statistical deviation, however, has its challenges since it does not consider most of the valuable derivations such as being genius (Jones 2005, 134).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal distress as mentioned in paragraph one is a constituent of abnormality. Generally, if an individual is content with their life, then they do not concern to the field of mental health. However, if their thought and behaviours result in discomfort either to them or to other people, then they are considered abnormal. Maladaptive behaviour may be, however, defined in relation to the society or to one’s self. This provides much flexibility and room for a conforming behaviour to the norms of the society as well as behaviour that id deviant provided it does not resul t in self damage. Abnormal is, therefore, a relative term and depends upon people’s life and situations around them. Some of the categories of behaviour that may suggest the availability of psychological disorders which are maladaptive in one way or another; they strain the well-being of people and include impaired functioning, long discomfort period, disruptive and bizarre behaviours (Johnson 2005, 210). In every person’s experience, there is some sort of psychological discomfort during some period of his/her life. This may be a result of anything like worrying about a lost loved one. The distress may be related to real events and supposed to pass away as time passes by. However, if such distress persists for extended period and does not relate to the events that surround the person in question, then the person is considered abnormal and may possibly have a psychological disorder. In impaired functioning, the distinction between a prolonged inefficiency and passing pe riod of inefficiency may sound unexplainable. In most life experiences, there exist many things that different people may do while the others find them very strange. For instance, the various piercings that a younger generation chooses today, their lifestyle and dressing may seem strange and bizarre to the elderly. However, their motivations are not difficult to understand, and this protects them from being termed clinically abnormal. Nevertheless, bizarre behaviour with no rational basis indicates that the individual may be confused. This may bring delusions and hallucinations caused by frequent psychoses.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disruptive behaviour may mean impulsive and is apparently an uncontrollable one that disrupts persons life and that of the others or even deprives other people of their human rights. This kind of behaviour forms a characteristic of a psychological disorder that is severe (Neale 2003, 67). In summary, the mentioned kinds of behaviours are maladaptive because of their nature of directly affecting the well-being of the individual or the people around them. They may also block the fulfilment and growth of the person’s potential. It is, therefore, evident from the arguments above that being abnormal is a normal thing. This is because abnormal is defined by the norms, and the norms belong to specific people and are not particularly universal. If a person behaves in a way not normal to other people according to their norms, they may consider that abnormal. This is a common aspect of human being as they will always tend to behave according to their norms. Whenever an individual exhib its the constituents of abnormal personality mentioned in the first paragraph, then that kind of individual may be universally abnormal. The same is applicable to the exhibition of the constituents of the normal personality (Martins 2008, 120). Bibliography Boyne, E 2009. Psychotherapy in Ireland, Routledge, London. Carr, A 1999. The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology, Routledge, London. Johnson, S 2005. Abnormal Psychology, Springer, New York. Jones, K 2005. Deviating from the norm, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Kring, D. Johnson 2010. Abnormal Psychology, Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Martins, R 2008. Abnormal Psychology, John Wiley Sons, London. Neale, J 2003. Clinical Psychology, Prentice Hall, London. Ray, M 2002. The Abnormal Normal, Prentice Hall, London.

Pentecost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pentecost - Essay Example The term, â€Å"they† indicates the apostles who were present at the place where Lord Jesus was crucified, with an intention to spread the preaching of the gospel to various corners of the earth. The term â€Å"all† is indicative of the number of people present there at that time which was 120 including the apostles (Acts 1:15). However, a common consensus could not be arrived as regards the â€Å"one place† which has been mentioned here. It could however be concluded that the place was a room upstairs (Acts 1:13). The phrase â€Å"suddenly† indicates the unpredictability of the event although they were expecting the descent of the Holy Spirit. The term â€Å"from heaven† is used to emphasis the fact that the sound descended from the sky. Rushing like a violent wind signifies the magnitude of the sound and the house was full of it describes aptly the force and power of the sound that it filled the entire house where they had gathered. The term it is indicative of the sound and not the wind. The term appeared unto them suggests that they saw or had visions of. The word cloven means divided or distributed whereas the term tongues is used shape of fire that looked like a tongue. In Hebrew the word tongue is described as something which is long, narrow and pointed in shape, and hence resembling fire. It sat upon each of them denotes that it rested on the heads of those gathered there and is indicative of the descent of the Holy Spirit. The phrase and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost is used to indicate that they were graced by the sacred presence of the Holy Spirit and hence were entirely under his command / power / influence / spell. The term filled with is used to signify the absolute power cast by his presence. The term began to speak in other tongues means that they started conversing in different languages and as the spirit gave them utterance denotes that the power / ability to speak in different languages was conferred on them by the holy spirit,

The Use of the Renewable Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Use of the Renewable Energy - Research Paper Example Production of renewable energy will therefore help in alleviating problems linked to this kind of dependence. Renewable energy has many benefits to the American nation in general’ provided it is pursued and produced in efficient ways. Homes and other socio-economic establishments using renewable are poised to save large sums of cash in the end in addition to them enjoying a stress-free environment. In many instances, use of renewable energy also renders citizens to fuel their homes independently thus making them less dependent. Owners of small business entities will also benefit from renewable energy, thus saving money that ids usually used to cater for utilities. Electricity producers and providers can also experience the many benefits accruing from development and supply of renewable energy. There is also Job creation and employment opportunities for professionals in the renewable energy subsector: people who are capable of inventing and innovating renewable energy options a nd products. Availability of renewable energy products makes the products cheaper.Use of conventional fuels has proved dangerous and has nearly subjected USA to political instabilities, disputes in trade and other unwanted impacts. USA’s reliance on other countries’ energy supplies has not brought any favors to the country. The prosperous country it is should be a wakeup call for the country to make.A more coherent and widespread generation and use of renewable energy faces a number of constraining factors.... Electricity producers and providers can also experience the many benefits accruing from development and supply of renewable energy. There is also Job creation and employment opportunities for professionals in the renewable energy subsector: people who are capable of inventing and innovating renewable energy options and products. Availability of renewable energy products makes the products cheaper. Use of conventional fuels has proved dangerous and has nearly subjected USA to political instabilities, disputes in trade and other unwanted impacts. USA’s reliance on other countries’ energy supplies has not brought any favors to the country. The prosperous country it is should be a wakeup call for the country to make and implement the necessary policies in the adoption and use of renewable energy. A more coherent and widespread generation and use of renewable energy faces a number of constraining factors: The American public is not sufficiently supplied with information on t he availability, benefits, and costs of the renewable energy option. Project initiators and supervisors in the renewable energy subsector have in many instances failed the test of understanding and solving the energy and other related needs of rural and to some extent the urban communities. They have also fallen short of designing and implementing projects that solve the energy problems especially in rural America. This can partly be explained by lack of these project initiators to involve the affected communities in the project design and implementation. Government agencies sometimes fail to assess effectively benefits and costs when contrasting and comparing renewable energy versus the traditional/conventional energy sources. This is a product of massive subsidization

Performance and Service Excellence in the Service Industry Case Study - 2

Performance and Service Excellence in the Service Industry - Case Study Example The Overnight Service delivers all packages by 8.00 AM to about 5000 zip code areas. Its Priority Overnight service delivers by 10.30 AM on the next business day in most US cities and by noon in other cities and regions. The standard overnight delivery delivers packages by 3 PM in most cities or by 4.30 PM in other areas. The air charter service accepts all commodities that will fit in an aircraft and provides the plane and the crew while the customer chooses the time, route and terms of service (FedEx para8). FedEx maintains a profitable commitment to excellence by applying the eleven management principles underlying its success. It makes customer satisfaction the central focus of business as this is good for business. The flat management structure minimizes a distance between leaders and front line workers while empowering employees and expanding their responsibilities. FedEx has been very committed to reasonable job security by cross-training employees for more flexibility allowing for a redistribution of work during low periods and hiring of part-time workers during peak workloads, thus eliminating the need for layoffs during off-peak times (FedEx para8). The human resources department designs thoughtful and creative compensation schemes, supple duty hours and permanent part-time work. Benefits are structured to accommodate personal preferences. FedEx has a policy of promotion from within, and problem resolution is given ultimate importance with the CEO sometimes intervening to resolve grievances. Open communication is enhanced through an internal broadcasting company, FXTV that reports and discusses all company news (Goldsack para 12). Even though everyone has their own responsibilities, the fences are low so that employees can help each other in case somebody is stuck. This is where cross-training comes in handy. The focus is customer satisfaction.

Case study: Eating Disorder

Case study: Eating Disorder Psychopathology refers to maladaptive behavior/s that causes distress to an individual and is brought about by a psychological disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). A number of factors contribute to the development of psychopathology: collectively referred to as the vulnerability-stress model (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). This model breaks the stressors down into three categories: biological causes, social causes and psychological causes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). There are four dominant psychological theories of psychopathology that govern treatment: Psychodynamic Theories, Behavioral Theories, Cognitive Theories and Humanistic and Existential Theories (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Eating disorders are classified as a form of psychopathology. Bulimia Nervosa, in particular, is an eating disorder characterized by bingeing episodes; followed by extreme actions that serve to induce immediate weight loss, such as purging (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Chassler (1998) states that bulimic nervosa sufferers turn to food as a way of alleviating their negative emotions. Food provides a form of distraction from their problems and comfort; this leads to bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). The purging occurs as a way of ensuring that they do not gain weight after their bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). Individuals that suffer from bulimia nervosa tend to have been highly preoccupied with their shape and weight prior to developing the disorder. (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Individuals developing this disorder tend to be highly dissatisfied with their bodies and many adolescent girls with low self-esteem tend to believe that all of their failures stem from the way that they look (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). These bulimic individuals follow cultural and societal norms that promise greater self-esteem to those who are slimmer (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Interestingly, Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) discovered that bulimic women evaluated their own bodies in a skewed manner; however, they found no such disturbances in their cognition related to other womens bodies or to what they assumed men might find attractive. It is also believed that those suffering from bulimia nervosa are mainly motivated by the desire to fulfill the expectations that men have about womens bodies (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Lacey and Evans (as cited in Anestis et al., 2009) were the first researchers to divide bulimic nervosa patients into two distinct subgroups: multi-impulsive versus uni-impulsive. The multi-impulsive subgroup exhibits impulsive behaviors that include not only binging and purging but also one of the following behaviors: substance abuse, stealing, sexual promiscuity or self-injury. However, Harnden-Fischer and Westen (2001) have found that separating bulimics into subgroups runs the risk of confining a range of complicated personality factors into a single category. These factors seem to be, characterized by emotional dysregulation, intense and labile affect, interpersonal desperation and impulsive efforts to escape distress and seek gratification. (Harnden-Fischer Westen, 2001, p. 558). Herzog, Keller, Sacks, Yeh, and Lavoril (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) found that 60% of those individuals with bulimic nervosa, who participated in their study, also had a co morbid Axis I diagnosis. Blinder, Chaitin and Goldstein (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) discovered that co morbidity with other Axis I disorders generally resulted in a poorer prognosis for bulimic nervosa patients. Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) found that the disorders that are most co morbid with bulimia nervosa are mood disorders, substance abuse (mostly alcohol abuse) disorders and anxiety disorders. Bryant-Waugh and Lask (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) highlighted another factor that is thought to contribute to a poor prognosis: the development of bulimia nervosa at an early age. Another factor that is believed to contribute to the possible development of bulimia nervosa is that of family dynamics. Humphrey and Strober (1987) found that those individuals with parents who have a history of alcohol abuse and obesity, which are ill disposed towards said individual, show them no affection and give them minimal attention, are more likely to develop bulimia nervosa. Humphrey and Strober (1987) suggest that bulimic individuals did not learn good coping mechanisms because of being overwhelmed by their family environment; coupled with the pressure to be slim, leads to bingeing and purging behavior. The bingeing episodes may also act as a substitute for the nurturance that they never had (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Arikian et al. (2008) also found that a family history of the father abusing alcohol, and the mother suffering from severe depression, resulted in a poorer prognosis for the bulimic individual. This essay will focus on a particular subject, namely, Molly. The article will investigate Mollys case and proffer possible solutions. Biographical Information THE CASE OF 5 Molly is nineteen years old and a second year tertiary student. She arrived to the session wearing tight jeans and a white sweater with coffee stains on one of her sleeves. Her scarf was out of place. Her hair was untidy and messy and her eyes were sunken with dark rings around them. There were no problems with her making eye contact although she displayed no emotions throughout the interview. She appeared to be very tired as evidenced by the repeated yawning and rubbing of her eyes. This led to the smudging of her mascara. Mollys aunt was worried about her and insisted that she see a psychologist at U.C.T.s Psychology Clinic. She was not doing her university work and was also having trouble sleeping. She had been caught bingeing and purging, which was a long-term problem, and was currently in a considerable amount of mental pain. She was also extremely suicidal. History of the Presenting Problem Molly was first exposed to trauma at a young age. Her parents were arguing loudly every night and Molly took it upon herself to stop them by banging with a toy on her door. This strategy worked for many years and led to Molly believing that she was the one who was responsible for keeping the peace between her parents. Molly was embarrassed to bring her primary school friends home as her father had an obvious alcohol dependency issue and was obese. Humphrey and Strober (1987) state that family discord; parental obesity and substance abuse are often seen to be some of the contributing factors to bulimia nervosa. During her primary school years, her fathers extreme negative reaction to her bad report cards flying into a rage and forbidding her to have supper -left Molly feeling unloved, unwanted and rejected. Both her parents would often drink heavily, until they passed out, and so were not there for Molly when she needed parental guidance and support. Added to this was the comparison that was always made between Molly and her younger brother, Luke. Luke was praised as much as Molly was berated; leading to a deep-seated pain and a sense of never being good enough. This level of family neglect all contributed to Mollys eventual development of bulimia (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Molly attempted suicide in an effort to punish her parents, and herself, for the way in which they treated her. This demonstrates a tendency to rush into behaviors that lessen the negative affect that Molly feels, and Anestis et al. (cited in Anestis et al., 2009) discovered this tendency to be a predictor of bulimia. Molly went to live with her mother after her parents divorced. Her mother suffered from depression and this is seen to be a contributor to Mollys bulimia as Arikian, Keel, Miller, Thuras, Mitchell and Crow (2008) state that severe maternal depression could lead to a poorer prognosis. Molly gained weight once she entered puberty and this led to the other children taunting her, at school, about her weight. She blamed her weight as the main source of her torment: a strong predictor for bulimia (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Her friends were the ones who first exposed her to bulimic behavior. Even though she claims that many people engage in bulimic behavior, she nevertheless states the need to purge in secret. Molly lost weight due to the bingeing and purging and this behavior was reinforced by her friends telling her how good she looked and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Molly started having sex with multiple partners, beginning at age 13. This behavior has continued into her university years. This can be seen not only as an expression of impulsivity but also as a form of reassurance seeking, two behaviors often associated with bulimics (Anestis et al., 2009). Diagnosis The DSM-IV can be used to assist in diagnosing Molly. Axis I refer to clinical disorders: Molly suffers from bulimia nervosa. This is her primary diagnosis. Co morbidly, she also suffers from substance abuse and depression. Axis II refers to either personality disorders or mental retardation. Molly does not appear to have any personality disorders, even though she does display some features of a borderline personality disorder. As it is stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), her impulsive behaviors, like sexual promiscuity and alcohol abuse, are all symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. However, she is not subject to the continuous vacillation between the extremes of only idealizing or only despising individuals, as described by Nolen-Hoeksema (2004). Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) states that a Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by angry outbursts, due to an unstable mood, and alternates between feelings of low self-worth and feelings of grandiosity. However, in Mollys case, h er angry outbursts are brought about due to a lack of sleep and not due to unstable mood, though she does suffer from that with respect to depression; it seems that she always feels herself to be of low self-worth. Axis III refers to general medical conditions. Molly does not have any general medical conditions. Axis IV refers to psychosocial and environmental problems. Molly comes from a broken home and has poor relationships with both her parents. They have neglected her, been hostile and highly critical of her, since her days in primary school. Therefore, Mollys social support comes from, mainly, her aunt who suggested that she visit a psychologist. Molly had weight problems at school that led to her being taunted and extremely unhappy. Her friends at the time, in high school, introduced her to bingeing and purging behavior. Molly began to get attention from boys and reacted to this by being sexually active from a young age. This behavior continued into her university years. Molly is not doing her university work and says that she needed to take some time off from university. She is under added pressure as her primary caregivers were arguing over how Mollys third year at university was to be financed. Her bingeing and purging episodes escalated dramatically following her visit to her pare nts and stepparent. Axis V refers to the Global Assessment of Functioning. A score of 20 characterizes Molly. Her symptoms are very serious as they can lead to her death or, at the very least, multiple physical problems. She is high in suicidal ideation, and this should be taken seriously and not ignored, and cannot continue with her studies at the present time. Her interpersonal relationships with men are marked by risky sexual behavior and her relationship with her parents serves to exacerbate her bulimic symptoms. She also seems to have no friends. The primary diagnosis is one of bulimia nervosa. There are many factors that point to this diagnosis and that fulfill the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Molly binges on junk food, such as chips and ice cream throughout the day, which is followed by purging. She was also eating in secret thus pointing to a lack of control over her behavior. This behavior started when Molly was thirteen so it has definitely been going on at least twice a week and for longer than three months. Molly was haunted by being overweight at school and attributed all of her problems to her weight, as evidenced by peoples praise of her thinness and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Thus, her preoccupation with her weight is significant. Molly also has two co morbid diagnoses: depression and substance abuse. Her symptoms of depression include emotional symptoms such as waves of mental anguishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which occurred more often, lasted longer, and grew in intensity and flat affect. Her physiological and behavioral symptoms of depression include serious sleep problems and feelings of fatigue as she yawned frequently and rubbed her eyes repeatedly. Her cognitive symptoms of depression include suicidal thoughts and a sense of hopelessness and worthlessness: she says, I thought to myself, nobody cares whether I live or die, so why bother with hospitals? She has major depression as her symptoms have lasted for around two weeks and they interfere with her functioning. Mollys second co morbid disorder is substance abuse. She drinks heavily on the weekends and often gets drunk. She continues to consume alcohol despite having periods where she blacks out and wakes up in bed with someone she has no recollection of even meeting. This is said to have happened frequently. These are hazardous behaviors, as Molly could be assaulted by or contract a sexual disease from any one of these men. The differential diagnoses in this case are substance abuse and depression. Depression is a differential diagnosis as Molly meets the diagnostic criteria of depression but this was ruled out, as the primary diagnosis, despite Mollys initial suicide attempt, as Mollys depressive symptoms appeared after her bulimia nervosa developed and can be seen as one of the symptoms thereof. As Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) state, Perhaps prolonged illness and chronicity in EDs initiate adverse relational experiences, nutritional causality, and affective blunting that predispose longer-term ED patients to depressive symptoms. Molly also could have been given a primary diagnosis of substance abuse but, once again, this behavior occurred long after the bulimia nervosa began and could be seen to be another symptom thereof. As Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) state, A significant percentage of treatment-seeking individuals with BN are also diagnosed with a co-morbid disorder, with approximately 20 to 80% classified with a lifetime major depressive disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Among individuals with eating disorders, patients with BNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ report a higher prevalence of alcohol or drug problems. Case Formulation There are a number of psychological theories that underpin Mollys case but, perhaps, the most fitting theory is that of the psychoanalytic theory, a subset of psychodynamic theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Freud developed psychoanalysis and this theory is largely based on the idea that all behavior stems from unconscious processes. As stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), Freud termed the phenomenon of when a persons defense mechanisms are no longer useful as they are harmful to that individual, the neurotic paradox. One could say that Molly suffers from the neurotic paradox: she has unresolved, and angry, feelings towards her parents and sublimates these feelings by bingeing and purging. Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) mentions Freuds notion of repression: memories or feelings that an individual cannot or does not want to face and so, these memories or feelings, are banished from said individuals consciousness. One could also say that Mollys bingeing and purging stem from her repressing her angry fe elings towards her father, turning them inwards and making use of maladaptive strategies to cope. Many of Mollys problems stem from her family upbringing and the relationship that she has with her primary caregivers, her parents; as will be demonstrated below. Sugarman and Kurash (as cited in Chassler, 1998) state that the bingeing episodes are a way of reconnecting to the mother and the purging occurs out of a fear of being swallowed-up by the mother. This theory points to Molly expressing her anger and disappointment at her mother for not being there to show her the love and support that she needed and so, in this way, Molly is trying to fulfill her need for maternal love in other ways. As Woodall (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p. 403) has pointed out, the bulimic nervosa sufferer uses food as a, reliable transitional object as a way to undo the mothers frightening unreliability. Bowlby (as cited in Chassler, 1998) first established the concept of attachment: a theorizing of the way in which humans are driven to form attachments to certain others. A healthy and nurturing attachment to a primary caregiver leads to a well-adjusted child (Chassler, 1998). However, disturbances in this attachment lead to all kinds of psychological problems developing (Chassler, 1998). As a child, Molly was exposed to her parents hostile feelings towards one another: expressed in their fighting matches. This can be seen to be a disruption in the positive attachment that should have developed between Molly and her parents (Chassler, 1998). Twice in her life, she felt as though she were responsible for her parents behaviors: (1) as a child when she would knock on the door in an attempt to get her parents to stop fighting and (2) when living with her depressed mother, now divorced, and feeling responsible for her mothers emotional wellbeing. As Humphrey (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p . 406) states families of bulimic nervosa sufferers tend to be, higher in conflict, chaos, detachment, neglect, dependency and contradictory communications than normal families. Igoin-Apfelbaum (as cited in Chassler, 1998) found that there are a higher percentage of broken homes among his bulimic nervosa participants than among his control participants. This hostile environment became unbearable for Molly during her primary school years. Her fathers emotional abuse led to Molly feeling worthless and, perhaps, seeing as he attacked her intellectual ability, she felt that she could succeed in another way by controlling her weight and being attractive. Molly may have a genetic predisposition to developing depression as her mother suffers from depression (Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006). Mollys parents both abused alcohol and her father is described as being obese; these are two factors that are linked to the development of bulimia (Humphrey Strober, 1987). Being in direct contact with her fathers obesity may have contributed to Mollys obsession with being thin. Lilenfeld et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found that individuals with bulimia nervosa with a co morbid disorder of substance abuse mostly have relatives who themselves have a substance abuse problem. Treatment Keel et al.(as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) posits that alcohol abuse and eating disorders stem from different etiologies that mutually bear influence upon one another. O Malley et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found, in his study, that successfully treating the substance abuse disorder did not completely eradicate the bulimic syndrome Therefore, Molly, who has co morbid alcohol abuse and bulimia nervosa, may require an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy treatment that addresses both disorders (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). There are specific modules that Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) highlight as being the most significant targets that their integrated cognitive behavioral therapy should attempt to heal. Addressing motivation to change is key as adherence to recovery is necessary, in order to prevent relapse (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing interpersonal relationships, making use of techniques gleaned from psychotherapy, is crucial as interpersonal conflict often serves to exacerbate the bulimic and substance abuse behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing reward sensitivity can be done in the form of cue exposure, which has been shown to be successful for both substance abuse and bulimic behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). However, cue exposure may not be appropriate for outpatient therapy as it could lead to alcohol consumption after the session (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing impulsive behaviors is a necessary part of the treatment and dialectical behavior therapy has been found t o be effective in treating the bulimia nervosa sufferers impulsive behaviors (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). For as Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009, p. 95) have stated, The DBT model for BN conceptualizes binge eating and purging as a means of controlling emotions, and emotion dysregulation is therefore considered to be primary problem with ongoing bulimic behaviors. Conclusion: Gender Bias Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) found bulimic women, whose perceptions of the body shape and size of women that men find attractive, did not differ significantly from that of men. However, they also state that cultural norms indicate that adolescent girls hope to attain self-confidence by achieving a level of thinness. Therefore, women feel that they have to attain a particular level of thinness in order to be desired by the opposite sex. This places women under tremendous pressure. The media contributes to this pressure by displaying images of women who have attained this ideal thereby intimating that it is within every womans power to achieve similar results. Men are under more pressure to be successful in monetary terms as this can snare a mate, whereas women are under more pressure to be physically appealing in order to attract men. This is evident in Mollys case as she states that boys began being interested in her once she had lost her weigh t. Therefore, it is apparent that bulimia nervosa would have a greater propensity in women than it would in men.

An Analysis of Russos Empire Falls :: Empire Falls Essays

An Analysis of Russo's Empire Falls The characters in Empire Falls go through many changes throughout the novel. By the end of the novel Miles is changed drastically. He begins the novel as a slow moving, trusting, somewhat depressed individual. By the end of the novel, Miles has achieved an epiphany. No longer letting the world step on his dreams, Miles goes after with a roar the dreams and desires that have lain dormant for twenty years. His ex-wife, Janine, also comes to realize that the dreams she thought she had are not necessarily what she wants after all. Janine comes to accept herself for Janine, instead of flailing around wildly trying to find herself in outward appearances. Tick has learned a lesson that we all come to at some point in our lives, that people are not always good and there is danger in the world. Charlie Mayne tells Miles that "There are things that grown-ups intend and want to do, but somehow just can’t." (p. 472). In all of Empire Falls, this theme is echoed. There are dreams denied or put on hold. There are characters desperately trying to do what they think is right but failing miserably. The entire town is moving in slow motion toward their own individual explosions. The novel itself meanders along, like the Knox River. Russo says in the Preface, "What water wanted to do was flow downhill by the straightest possible route. Meandering was what happened when a river’s best intentions were somehow thwarted." This is what the population of Empire Fall’s has been doing for twenty years meandering. To emphasize this theme, Russo himself meanders, oftentimes leaving the reader wondering when something dramatic would happen. In life, this is what so many people do also. People are always waiting for something to happen, always hoping that their waiting is the right thing to do and everything will come out right in the end. But all this attitude does is cause a build up that explodes when the dam bursts, as can be seen in the events that unfold in the last chapters of the novel. Russo won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel, Empire Falls. The paragraph above emphasizes the main reason that I find for the novel being such a success. The manner in which Russo is able to actually weave this concept of ‘waiting’ into his story by creating a feeling of time moving slowly, of anticipation.

Analysis of Retail Market Essay

Larger businesses in retail are generally more profitable than smaller businesses with many of the largest businesses historically among the most profitable in the economy. The larger retailers in Australia would appear to have enjoyed better returns on capital than their overseas counterparts and have continued to do so since the global financial crisis. Growth in retail sales has been slow in recent years. While short term or cyclical factors have contributed to this slowdown, the growth of retail sales has experienced a long term slowdown due to changes in consumer buying habits. Consumers are choosing to spend a smaller share of their income on retail goods because over the recent past, they are saving more and they are spending greater shares of their expenditure on services such as finance, rent and education. Further, while there has been price deflation in some sub-categories of retail, overall, sales volumes have continued to grow. The level of productivity in the Australian retail industry is low compared to retail in other countries in Europe and North America. However, the growth rate of productivity in retail, over the past two decades, has been similar to the average rate for all industries in Australia. Retailers have achieved productivity growth by increasing the capital intensity of their operations, including through adopting information and communications technology. Furthermore, investments in big box retailing have also been a factor. These changes occurred earlier in the US, and since then, US retailers have continued to achieve productivity growth by improving management and operations to make more effective use of labour and capital. These opportunities appear yet to be fully realised by most Australian retailers. A snapshot of the retail industry Retailing makes a significant contribution to the economy The retail industry is one of Australia’s largest employers. Currently, there are almost 140 000 retail businesses employing about 1. 2 million people or 10. 7 per cent of the total working population. Together, retail workers earn about $32 billion in wages and salaries each year, or 6 per cent of the economy’s total. The retail industry also makes a significant contribution to economic output, contributing $55 billion or over 4 per cent of GDP each year. However, it is a relatively small contributor to investment (table 3. 1). Table 3. 1 The contribution of Australian retail trade 2009-10a Retail trade Gross value added ($m) Employment (‘000s) Wages and salaries ($m) Investment ($m) Capital stock ($m) Number of businesses (end 2008-09) a Includes motor vehicles & parts and fuel retailing. Source: ABS (Australian System of National Accounts: gross fixed capital formation and capital stock, Cat. no. 5204. 0; Labour Force, Australia, Cat. no. 6291. 0, Counts of Australian Businesses, Cat. no. 8165. 0).

Psychological Impact Paper Essay

Cultural diversity is a bonus in the society today. The ability to interact or network with other cultures gives you an opportunity to understand different cultures and how they live their life on a daily basis. Although being culturally diverse may be a positive aspect. It may have complications depending on your race. For example, Racism, Discrimination, and Civil rights are factors that may cause a psychological development, distress, or behavior problem. In my paper I will discuss the potential impact of racism, discrimination, and civil rights on the psychological development, distress and behavior on a cultural diverse African American. Racism â€Å"Racism consists of beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotype characteristics or ethnic group affiliation,† (Hall, 2010. Pg 88). African Americans faced racism on a daily basis in the 1900s. Lynch mobs and burnings terrorized African Americans, causing them to be skeptical or in fear of leaving their own home. They were denied industry jobs and were forced to work low end jobs. This resulted in to poor living conditions which affected their mental health. Picking cotton was their main source of income. African Americans began to question their self worth because as of minorities they were not able to express their intelligence or communication skills they used to be culturally diverse. African Americans began to think they were useless only because they could not provide more for their families. â€Å"Categorical beliefs about the biological and/or cultural inferiority of some racial groups can attack the self-worth of at least some members of stigmatized racial groups and undermine the importance of their very existence† (Williams and Morris, 2000. Pg 255). African Americans self esteem became to drop, causing them not to be able to function mentally. Racism may have decreased compared to the 1900s but it still exists in present day. Discrimination Discrimination has been known to have an impact on the  psychological development, distress and behavior on African Americans. Discrimination is (Define). â€Å"Recent qualitive studies and journalistic accounts reveal that black experience discrimination in a broad range of contexts in society and that these incidents can induce considerable distress† (Williams and Morris, 2000. Pg 251). Treated unfairly impacted the health of African Americans, causing anxiety or anger. African Americans thought that they were overly qualified for jobs that they were denied. After being denied African Americans would become angry or frustrated because of not being treated equally. African Americans were prideful of their culture and the only way to show people of other cultures is by showing they were inferior. African Americans were inferior but still suffered from mental health problems. â€Å"Racist discrimination is associated with anxiety, anger frustration, resentment, somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal hypersentivity, fear, paranoia, helplessness-hopelessness, and depression among African Americans† (Hall, 2010. Pg 91). Discrimination caused African Americans to lack interactions amongst other races in schools. â€Å"Afrocentrism espouses African ideals at the center of ones approach to problem solving† (Hall, 2010. Pg 92). This was an important factor in the multicultural research. Civil Rights African Americans struggled for years for freedom form slavery. After being free fought for equality and a voice. Movements began to form on behalf of African Americans continued to struggle mentally, only because they felt their voice was not heard. In 1875 the Civil Rights Act was passed giving them the right to equal treatment in public settings. Followed by the 1896 decision to legalize racial segregation of schools. Although the schools were segregated African Americans parents and children feared for their lives. They were afraid that European Americans would hurt their children all because they were attending schools that where made for whites. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 created the opportunity for African Americans to have constitutionals rights without discrimination or segregation. The Civil Rights Act was passed but Racism still exist, causing African Americans to feel hopeless. African Americans then began to search  for another outcome which lead to Affirmative Action. The Black Muslims created opportunities and had a goal of diversity. Goals of Black Muslims were to replace the negative effects of slavery with positive values and behavior and to develop independence from the dominant culture,†(Hall, 2010. Pg90). Hope for understanding African American identity and multicultural relation was offered by psychological theory and research despite political and legal setbacks. Although African Americans were faced with adversities, they managed to overcome them. Africans struggled mentally as well as facing distress and behavior problems all because the way they were treated. African Americans tried to form bonds amongst other cultures, giving them the opportunity to become diverse individuals. Learning other cultures was common for African Americans, like for instance adapting to the American culture after being slaved. African Americans have put the past behind them and continue to become more diverse as well teaching other cultures there values and traditions. Barnes, J. (2004). Unequal Education. U.S. News & World Report, 136(10), 66. Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural Psychology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall

102 Reflection and Intro to Monsters Professor Ramos Blog

102 Reflection and Intro to Monsters Reflection Reflection Reflect on the writing process for your rhetorical analysis. Write for a few minutes on what you learned from writing this essay. Rhetorical Analysis Grading Criteria Critical Thinking Clarity of Writing Close reading of text, understand purpose, audience, and appeals MLA Sources Images and Title Fallacies Continued Fallacy Posters Define and explain the fallacy Give examples How to avoid the fallacy Monsters Introduction We are going to be starting the second and final unit of the course, Monsters. We will read, write, and think critically about monsters of many kinds. Monsters and Monstrosity will provide us the opportunity to learn about a phenomenon that stretches across multiple cultures and time periods. Monsters will also give you a better understanding of both cultural history and the world today. The first half of the course was meant as an introduction to critical thinking. The second half will be the application of critical thinking, through the lens of Monsters and Monstrosity. We will use Monster Theory to analyze monsters and what they represent.   Monsters are all around us. In the movies we watch, the books we write, and in every aspect of life. Monsters are fear inducing. But monsters are also cuddly like Shrek, Cookie Monster, and The Count on Sesame Street. Monsters have always been symbolic creatures, generally representing darkness and evil. The villain for the hero to vanquish. The Latin word  monstrum  refers to both a monster and a sign that something momentous or calamitous is likely to happen.

Fast Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fast Food - Research Paper Example In effect, people want to â€Å"grab a bite† quickly and go back to their activities. In this case, individuals eat food prepared and served quickly in packaged form at outlets known as â€Å"take away† because it is convenient. In effect, it has become a common occurrence to find mothers bring home packed food to their children as their dinner. In this regard, the country, and the world to some extent, experiences a culture whereby fast foods are the order of the day in most households. While fast foods have created employment and business opportunities all over the world, there is a growing criticism on negative health effects of consuming fast foods especially in the American society. First, the patterns of food consumption have greatly changed in the world and especially in America. One of these changes is on the rise in consumption and purchasing of fast foods in America. Jekanowski, Binkley, and Eales noted, â€Å"In 1997, food away from home accounted for about 45% of total food expenditures, up from approximately 26% in 1960† (58). In this case, food away from home is fast foods that most Americans consider convenient due to their busy lives. In addition, it is common knowledge that the female participation in the labor market is steadily rising each year. Traditionally, it is the role of women to prepare food at home. Therefore, more females joining the labor force implies that the household time is decreasing as more women are seeking employment. In effect, the convenience of fast foods and the decreasing household time are the two fundamental reasons that have pushed the consumption and expenditure on fast food upwards. The U.S. Department of Agriculture noted, â€Å"From 1982 to 2003, expenditure on fast food in the U.S. raised from $26.5 billion to $126.7 billion-an annual rate of growth of 6.4%, over 2% higher than the growth rate of at home food consumption (qtd. in Richards, Patterson, and Hamilton 425). In effect, this imp lies that more and more Americans spent a lot of money to consume fast foods, which meant that they cut on spending on the traditional home foods due to the convenience of the fast foods and increasing participation of women in the labor market. On the other hand, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention at the same time noted, â€Å"The percentage of consumers regarded as obese more than doubled, rising from roughly 14% to 30%† (qtd. in Richards, Patterson, and Hamilton 425). Nevertheless, it is important to point out that there are various causes of obesity, which implies that fast food is not the only cause. However, Chou, Grossman, and Saffer regarded the consumption of fast foods as the fundamental reason behind the rise in the levels of diabetes and obesity in the country (qtd. in Richards, Patterson, and Hamilton 425). A 2005 study by the University of Minnesota â€Å"found a direct link between eating fast food and the development of type 2 diabetes (qtd. in H. O’Keefe and J O’Keefe 38). In effect, this explains the rising cases of diabetes amongst the citizens of American. In addition, the study further noted â€Å"people who consumed fast foods two or more times a week were typically ten pounds heavier than those who ate fast food less than once a week† (qtd. in H. O’Keefe and J O’Keefe 38). In effect, the implication of heavily relying on fast foods amongst Americans is an overweight society, which effectively leads to obesity and puts an individual at risk of diseases such as hypertension. However, the study identified a more

Will be doing a video essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Will be doing a video - Essay Example Being such, I would know which area of study I should work harder to become better in my practice. This pursuit of becoming better as a nurse by pursuing a Master’s Degree does not only improves the prospect of my career in the long run but also makes me a more effective, compassionate nurse and in a way, an instrument that improve and make people’s lives better. This is consistent with Georgetown University’s mission of â€Å"promoting health and well-being for all people, with its emphasis on preparing students to be morally reflective health care leaders and scholars† which to my understanding is to genuinely care for people’s health and well-being as well improving myself as a nurse. I anticipate that the academic environment at Georgetown University will be rigorous considering that it is one of the best universities in the world in the field of nursing. This however for my own good because those rigorous training will make me a better