Total Quality Management And Continuous Improvement

Introduction: Total quality management(TQM), as a new management method, came up in 1950s and it has been a widespread proliferation in Japan and United Stated. Since 1985s, thousands of enterprises have already launched TQM. Up to now TQM is built into different sections of organization operation and become one of essential fundamental principles while people work out. With the change of environment and development of science and technology, progressive means of TQM is not sufficient to organization, whereupon business process reengineering(BPR) was brought up by Hammer, which aims at reengineering processes throughout in order to make a dramatic improvement on organization performance. The purpose of this essay is discuss a statement of â€Å"Total Quality Management and Continuous Improvement, properly applied, render BPR unnecessary†, and support or against it by effective evidence and give a certain conclusion according to a series of findings. In the flows of essay, it will interpret the understanding of TQM and BPR with a briefly history, followed by a research of the relationship among them through the differences and similarities, sum it all up at the end. What is TQM? The concept of total quality control(TQC) is defined as â€Å"a effective system of integrating the quality development, maintenance and improvement effort of various groups in a organization so as to enable production and service at the most economical levels which allow full customerShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of the Role of Top Management1148 Words   |  5 PagesROLE OF TOP MANAGEMENT: It is true that total quality management involves the commitment of employees at every level within the organization for improvement of processes and practices within an organization. The article provides and emphasizes that the role of leader/ top management is very crucial for continuous improvement and business excellence for an organization. After reading the article even I think that the role of top management is very critical in assuring continuous improvement and businessRead MoreQuality Improvement Practices Within Organizations1678 Words   |  7 PagesQuality Improvement Practices Quality management is a structured approach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through continual refinements in response to continuous feedback (Gharakhani, 2013). Thus, it necessitates the consistent application of the appropriate human and technical processes, tools and techniques. A strategic quality strategy will be effective only through long-term commitment and dedicated application by executive management andRead MoreTotal Quality Management Theory1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Most organizational management theories descend either from Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory or from Elton Mayo s human relations model. Total Quality Management (TQM) theory grew out of existing organizational management theories, in part, as a response to the problems in those theories. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran are most responsible for the development of TQM. Deming and Juran began work on TQM in the 1930s and continued shaping the management model into the 1990s. DuringRead MoreA Scientific Approach to Total Quality1089 Words   |  5 PagesA Scientific Approach for Total Quality Ricardo Colon PJM – 440 Total Quality Management Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Victoria Figiel August 24th, 2015 A Scientific Approach for Total Quality This paper discusses the scientific approach to decision making and problem solving concerning total quality. When combined with total quality tools, the scientific approach can empower employees to commit to a continuous quality improvement culture. I will explain howRead MoreBenefits Of Total Quality Management1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthat can provide such organizations with this desired continuity and competitive advantage is the quality of their goods and this can be monitored and improved by the practice of total quality management. Since the 1980’s, total quality management has been conceptualized on basic principles such as customer focus, continuous improvement and human resource management. The use of total quality management has become widespread among various organizations. Most researchers are of the opinion that managersRead MoreHuman Activity And Its Impact On Business Operations971 Words   |  4 Pageskey success factors such as; costs efficiency, quality, cycle time, and innovativeness. â€Å"Quality has become one of the key competitive variables generating the need for evaluation of spending resources needed for the given level of quality by which the company can expect and achieve competitive advantage on the market (Gajic, 2005).† The improvement of quality requires the engagement of each player in the business arena, from the senior management to the employee. Besides achieving steady growthRead MoreHe Reward and Recognition Process in Total Quality Management1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthescipub.com/ajas.toc) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CONTRACTORS COMPETITIVENESS 1 Faihan Alotaibi, 1Rushami Zien Yusoff and 2Rabiul Islam School of Business Management, School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, 06010, Kedah, Malaysia 2 1 Received 2013-04-05, Revised 2013-04-15; Accepted 2013-04-17 ABSTRACT Total quality management is basically about continuous organizational success through the employmentRead MoreRelationship Between Accounting Technique And Operation Management Tools925 Words   |  4 Pagesapplied with other management techniques. In order to explore the overall effect, a test using value engineering(VE) and quality function development(QFD) analysis was conducted in the small manufactory company. With the help of these approaches, the company achieve cost reduction with no sacrifice neither on quality or functionality. By this way, this journal demonstrates that the relationship between accounting technique and operation management tools, which bridging a gap in management accounting.Read MoreThe Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Motivation Level: a Study of Public Bank Berhad1072 Words   |  5 PagesDeming’s 14 points for management. 1. Create constancy of purpose towards improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive, stay in business, and to provide jobs. 2. Adopt the new philosophy- we are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, learn their responsibilities and take on leadership for future change. 3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basic by building quality into the product inRead MoreRisk and Quality Management Assessment Summary1698 Words   |  7 PagesRisk and Quality Management Assessment Summary Risk management is the practice of measuring risk and creating strategies to accomplish the risk. In ideal risk management, an arrangement process is shadowed whereby the risks with the maximum loss and extreme probability of happening are controlled first. However, the procedure can be hard, and maintaining between risks with high possibility of occurrence but lower loss and risks with high loss but lower possibility of occurrence can often be mismanaged

Gender Inequality A Critical Issue That Affects Women s...

Nguyen P.AD-201-D Professor Williamson 11/10/15 Gender Inequality Research Paper Gender inequality is a critical issue that affects more women than their male counterparts all around the world. Gender inequality is a form of legal discrimination towards women’s rights. In order to progress and grow as a community and society, gender equality needs to be acknowledged. According to LISTVERSE, the top ten â€Å"extreme† examples of gender inequality towards women that exists around the world today, specifically in the Middle East and North Africa, are being forbidden from driving, having clothing requirements, having limited access to divorce, education, and travel, being victims of violence, lacking custody rights, being denied citizenship,†¦show more content†¦Although some countries are more gender-equal than others, gender inequality can, and usually does, occur in relationships, households, and the workplace. In this day and age, international development in gender equality is becoming more recognized than in previous decades. In her paper â€Å"Feminism, Interrupted? Gender and Development in the Era of ‘Smart Economics,’† Sydney Calkin believes that â€Å"women and girls are now the preeminent public faces of global development† (Calkin). Some development initiatives that are connected with women empowerment are Millennium Development Goals, World Bank’s Gender Equality as Smart Economics, and Nike’s Girl Effect campaign. With more campaigns rooting for women empowerment, feminists encourage that women need to be treated as agents and not as victims in their human and social justice development. However, even though gender equality towards women are eminent in the media, women all over the world still suffer from unfair treatment due to their gender. In â€Å"The Many Faces of Gender Inequality,† Amartya Sen believes that the household is a unit that represents inequality and internal discrimination. In his research, Sen found that females are usually victims of mortality inequality, natality inequality, basic facility inequality, such as schooling opportunities, face gender bias in higher education, professional training, employment, and promotion, and

Manganese Ore Beneficiation Production Line Free Essays

Manganese ore crushing process Chunks of manganese ore by silo are evenly sent to first crushing (jaw crusher) for primary crushing by the vibrating feeder, manganese ore coarse crushing by belt conveyor to the secondary crushing (Impact crusher or conecrusher) for further crushing;Manganese ore after crushing is sent into vibrating screen for sieving by belt conveyor, screening out of several different sizes, different specifications of manganese ore, manganese ore to meet the size requirements is sent to the heap of finished material by the finished product belt conveyor;manganese ore without meeting the size requirements is sent back material impact crusher or cone crusher broken again by the belt conveyor forming a closed-circuit and cycling repeatedly. http://www. shzbm. We will write a custom essay sample on Manganese Ore Beneficiation Production Line or any similar topic only for you Order Now com rotary kiln http://www. pe750. com aw crusher The product granularity can be combined and graded according to the needs of users, manganese ore processing can be equipped with auxiliary dust removal equipment for the protection of the environment. Manganese is relatively rich resources of lean ore,Disseminated to a large number of high phosphate, high iron ore and beneficial symbiotic metal in manganese ore, causing great difficulties to the beneficiation process. Manganese iron ore beneficiation methods to take ore washing and screening, magnetic separation, gravity separation and flotation, and fire for enrichment, chemical processing method and other methods to complete the beneficiation process. Manganese iron ore beneficiation methods and equipments 1. Washing and screening process: Ore washing process Commonly use these equipments :ore washing sieve ,cylinder ore washing machine and trough washing machine, spiral sand washing machine;Washing mine operation and screening is generally carried out at the same time. 2. Gravity separation process: This process is used for manganese ore sorting with simple structure, disseminated coarser, such as density of oxide ore;The processes used commonly have heavy media beneficiation,jigging beneficiation and shaking table beneficiation; 3. Magnetic separation process: High intensity magnetic separation process use magnetic separator to have magnetic separation operation to manganese ore powder,It has several features simple operation, easy to control, strong adaptation. 4. The heavy magnetic separation process: The heavy magnetic separation process has magnetic separation operation to magnetic separator manganese ore powder again,by using a strong magnetic separator. 5. Flotation :Flotation equipment mainly uses the chf inflatable flotation device;good performance, efficiency has been greatly enhanced,it is very suitable for manganese beneficiation process. 6. Pyrometallurgical enrichment process(also known as manganese-rich slag) Pyrometallurgical enrichment method is simple, stable production, effective separation of the ore, iron, phosphorus, and get rich manganese, low iron, low phosphorus manganese-rich slag, this manganese-rich slag is a high quality manganese alloy materials. For more details on the production equipment of manganese ore, manganese ore stone crushing equipment, manganese ore grinding equipment information, please contact us and leave your contact information, our sales staff or engineers will get in touch with you as soon as possible. If the manganese ore crusher or manganese ore mill produced by us can not meet your needs, We will customize the manganese ore production line that fit you according to your feeding, discharging, yield, hardness and specific material properties Please believe, Shanghai Zhongbo will bring you satisfactory products and good service. http://www. pe600. com ball mill http://www. mining-ss. com rotary kiln http://www. machine-ss. com ball mill manufacture How to cite Manganese Ore Beneficiation Production Line, Essay examples

Risks and Opportunities of Participation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Risks and Opportunities of Participation. Answer: Introduction Strategic competitive analysis is focused on identifying the competitors along with analyzing certain strategies for determine weaknesses and strengths associated with the companys services and product. A competitive analysis serves as a vital part of the selected companies marketing plan. The objective of the paper is conduct strategic competitive analysis of the selected companies (Amine and Raizada 2015). Nestle Company and Coca Cola Company are selected in order to analyze target markets and mode of entry within food and beverages industry. In addition, Toyota Company and Ford Company are selected in the paper in order to analyze globalizing value proposition within car industry. Strengths and opportunities attained from the selected competitive strategies by the chosen companies will be analyzed in the paper. Moreover, certain recommendations will also be provided to the companies so that these strategies make them evolve with time along with decreasing their threats and weaknes ses. Based on the likings of its target market in different regions of the world, Nestle Company has decided to implement certain effective market entry strategies to attain competitive edge over its business rivals. For instance, Nestle has attempted to buy local companies in China and modified its own product portfolio based on the demands of the Chinese market (Ang, Benischke and Doh 2015). As numerous Chinese consumers find coffee a bit bitter and do not prefer such taste, Nestle has attempted to develop an innovative formula to offer these consumers with Smoovlatte that is a coffee beverage almost tasting like an ice cream. The target market in this nation prefers the company to position itself as a company that offers them healthy food. In entering the international market the company has used its brand name as a strength in order to attain increased sales along with increasing its market share that encompass all its customized products which fits better in its target market profile (Ashton, Richards, Galatsanou and Bollman 2014). Nestle has always used acquisition method as an effective market entry strategy for expanding and penetrating within new global markets that decreases all the local barriers to its competition. Based on the successfulness of the strategy implemented by Nestle Company in capturing its target market through suitable modes of entry, several recommendations have been provided that can facilitate the company in attaining competitive advantages. Considering the same, it is recommended that Nestle needs to implement strategic discipline in selecting the target market it needs to serve (Crane et al. 2014). The company also needs to decide the perfect time to enter into a target market along with measuring the considerable advantages of the direct as well as indirect presence in several regions of the world. Considering the weaknesses of the companys market entry strategy and quality measure that recalls for product recalls, Nestle must decide to decentralize its market entry strategy units into 7 subunits dealing with different product lines. For instance, single subunit for coffee and beverages along with another one just focusing on milk products and ice cream. Moreover, to addre ss such weaknesses in its strategy, the company is recommended to bring all its management level staff from all through the world for a two week training in its headquarter (Gereffi and Luo 2015). Such training will facilitate the company in ensuring that all its staff are familiarized with their global culture, new market entry strategy along with offering them access to the organizations top management. Coca Cola has attained several opportunities through selection its target market along with implementing suitable market entry mode (Getz and Robinson 2014). Based on the demands of the international target market, Coca Cola Company has decided deviate its focus from manufacturing normal product and concentrated on expanding its beverage varieties. Considering the need of its target market, Coca Cola has developed mixed fruit drinks, high calorie energy drink and basic water drinks. Coca Cola follows different market entry mode strategies to enter the international market such as joint ventures, exporting, and licensing, financing and foreign direct investment. Along with reporting its new beverages and special syrups, the company also exports its merchandises to all its foreign companies and distributors. Coca Cola attained several benefits in franchising market entry mode strategy (Kim and Mauborgne 2014). This strategy used by the company is manufactured-sponsored wholesalers manu facturing process. Coca Cola attained the opportunity of franchising its finished products and selling them to retailers in global target market. Moreover, licensing also served as most effective entry mode for the company as it offered the company with advantages of export market opportunities, diffusion of new products and decreased risk manufacturing relationships. Based on the demands of its global target market that desires innovative beverages and non-alcoholic sparkling drinks from Coca Cola, it is recommended that the company must select market entry mode of foreign direct investment through acquisitions (London, Pogue and Spinuzzi 2015). This can provide the company with advantages of direct ownership of facilities within the global target market along with attaining opportunities like technology, capital and workforce. Direct ownership market entry strategy must be implemented by Coca Cola Company as this can provide the company with increased control on its operations along with capability to address its consumers demands along with its competitive environment. Another market entry more strategy that is recommended to Coca Cola is through strategic alliance or joint venture with renowned companies in target country as this might facilitate the company in sharing risks and resources needed to enter global markets (Kim and Mauborgne 2014) . There are several benefits that can be attained by Coca Cola in partnership market entry strategy that includes successful and profitable market entry, technology strain, risks and rewards sharing, joint product advancement along with successful confirmations of government regulations. Exporting market entry strategy is also recommended to Coca Cola that can facilitate the company in making direct sale and marketing of domestically manufactured products to all its target countries. Globalizing Value Proposition in Car Industry Over the past years, Toyota Company was observed to struggle for coming up with innovative design after maintaining a successful setting of superior quality cars (London, Pogue and Spinuzzi 2015). Through the company was attaining increased profits the company was dealing with issues regarding ensuring the consumers the future of its manufactured cars with less environmental concerns. Futuristic global value proposition strategy of the company as per the demands of its target consumers provided Toyota with several opportunities to manufacture hybrid cars that can use electricity as well as liquid fuel simultaneously. Global value proposition strategy of Toyota is to address the un-met needs of its target consumers. The company has developed its cars based on the needs of its consumers worldwide those love their cars and can easily accept change particularly if it is based on their physical well-being and comfort (Meyer and Thaijongrak 2013). Considering the same, Toyota Company has d eveloped its value proposition of offering hybrid cars based on consumer demands. Such global value proposition strategy of the company has been effective enough in serving as a key to the business for the reason that the company that develops value proposition strategies based on future trends will be more successful than a company that develops value proposition strategies based on instant trends. Global value proposition strategy of Toyota Company has generated a strong differential between the companies and is business rivals. Based on the success of the globalizing value proposition strategy of Toyota, the company is recommended to focus on its positioning strategy which pertains to marketers offering design along with its product image for attaining an exceptional place in the minds of target market of the company (Moodie et al. 2013). Efficient product positions should be maintained by Toyota that can facilitate the company to develop consumer focused value proposition that in turn offers a basis to its target market for purchasing a particular product. Globalised value proposition strategy of Toyota must be focused on providing superior quality fuel efficient cars that comes with different colors and variations. The company is also recommended to position it with unique selling proposition for all its distinct versions. Such positioning strategy might offer Toyota Company with opportunities of selling exceptional value to its target consumers and attain global positioning in an innovative and different manner (Nielsen and Lund 2014). Ford Company has attained numerous opportunities in globalizing is value proposition strategies. The globalised value proposition strategies of Toyota are described under: The company has established and respected brand name: The Company being one of the highly renowned names in the car industry along with manufacturing some of the highly important car models all through several jurisdictions (Ofreneo 2016). The companys global sales along with its marketing reach: The Company offers innovative global value propositions that have a string back record that manufactures effective and reliable cars for both the customers along with for commercial operators. The quality along with reliability of the companys products: The value proposition strategy of the company that has attained global success that operates within a wide network for Ford along Lincoln branded car dealerships that reaches international consumer base that has considerable market share within jurisdiction all through Europe and America (Pananond 2013). The company has attained expertise and experience: The Company has developed effective global value proposition strategy by being among the oldest car manufacturers all through the world along with maintaining the capability to grab attention of highly trained specialist personnel along with appointing experienced industry executives. Recommendations Based on the opportunities that can be attained by Ford Company, the company is recommended to develop more innovative value proposition strategies and position itself as a leading manufacturer of cars. Ford Company is recommended to develop innovative design after maintaining a successful setting of superior quality cars. Through the company must focus on attaining increased profits the company was dealing with issues regarding ensuring the consumers the future of its manufactured cars with less environmental concerns (Riasanow, Galic and Bhm 2017). Futuristic global value proposition strategy of the company as per the demands of its target consumers must focus on providing Ford with several opportunities to manufacture hybrid cars that can use electricity as well as liquid fuel simultaneously. Value proposition strategy of the company must focus on developing car products online along with developing personalized models of the cars within the companys website. The company must focu s on selling its products through offering maintenance and support service to its target consumers for making its international value proposition strategy successful. Conclusion The objective of the paper is conduct strategic competitive analysis of the selected companies. Nestle Company and Coca Cola Company are selected in order to analyze target markets and mode of entry within food and beverages industry. In addition, Toyota Company and Ford Company are selected in the paper in order to analyze globalizing value proposition within car industry. It is gathered from the paper that Based on the likings of its target market in different regions of the world, Nestle Company has decided to implement certain effective market entry strategies to attain competitive edge over its business rivals. Coca Cola has attained several opportunities through selecting its target market along with implementing suitable market entry mode. Based on findings it is recommended that efficient product positions should be maintained by Toyota that can facilitate the company to develop consumer focused value proposition that in turn offers a basis to its target market for purchasing a particular product. Reference List Amine, L.S. and Raizada, D., 2015. Market Entry into the Newly Opened Indian Market: Recent Experiences of US Companies in the Soft drinks Industry. InProceedings of the 1995 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 287-292). Springer International Publishing. Ang, S.H., Benischke, M.H. and Doh, J.P., 2015. The interactions of institutions on foreign market entry mode.Strategic Management Journal,36(10), pp.1536-1553. Ashton, W., Richards, G., Galatsanou, E. and Bollman, R., 2014. Food beverage processing industry growth pathways to 2020.Brandon, M: Rural Development Institute. See: https://www. brandonu. ca/rdi/files/2011/02/RDI-Food-Processing-Report-2014. pdf. Crane, A., Palazzo, G., Spence, L.J. and Matten, D., 2014. Contesting the value of creating shared value.California management review,56(2), pp.130-153. Gereffi, G. and Luo, X., 2015. Risks and opportunities of participation in global value chains. Getz, D. and Robinson, R.N., 2014. Foodies and food events.Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,14(3), pp.315-330. Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R.A., 2014.Blue ocean strategy, expanded edition: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Harvard business review Press. London, N., Pogue, G. and Spinuzzi, C., 2015, July. Understanding the value proposition as a co-created claim. InProfessional Communication Conference (IPCC), 2015 IEEE International(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Meyer, K.E. and Thaijongrak, O., 2013. The dynamics of emerging economy MNEs: How the internationalization process model can guide future research.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,30(4), pp.1125-1153. Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., Lincoln, P., Casswell, S. and Lancet NCD Action Group, 2013. Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries.The Lancet,381(9867), pp.670-679. Nielsen, C. and Lund, M., 2014. An introduction to business models. Ofreneo, R.E., 2016. Auto and car parts production: can the Philippines catch up with Asia?.Asia Pacific Business Review,22(1), pp.48-64. Pananond, P., 2013. Where do we go from here?: Globalizing subsidiaries moving up the value chain.Journal of International Management,19(3), pp.207-219. Riasanow, T., Galic, G. and Bhm, M., 2017. Digital Transformation In The Automotive Industry: Towards A Generic Value Network.

Campus Unrest Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s,

Campus Unrest In response to great opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, the antiwar movement of the 1960s sprung forth. A vast majority of involvement in this movement was represented on college campuses across the nation. Many college students wholeheartedly believed that the war in Vietnam served no point. America was simply once again sticking its nose in business that was not our own. As a result of the war, universities nationwide in the sixties were in uproar as students attempted to express their opinions through both violent and nonviolent means. Anti-Vietnam protests were first displayed through teach-ins that took place during the fall and spring semesters (Campus Unrest 1). These events were large discussions held on college campuses where students, faculty and administration met to openly learn about and discuss issues relating to the war. Teach-ins were efforts for Americans in relation to universities to voice their opinions and get the attention of government officials with the prayer that United States involvement in the war would not continue to increase at such a rapid rate. They stressed the importance of peace, not violence. Such teach-ins first took place in March of 1965 at the University of Michigan. This set a precedent for other colleges and universities as these rallies began to take place more and more frequently (Campus Unrest 1). One example of a teach-in that occurred during the anti-Vietnam war movement was discussed in the Rutgers Daily TARGUM. In April of 1965, students and faculty at Rutgers in New Jersey staged a Teach-in on Vietnam. Professors William Fitzpatrick, Lloyd Gardner, and Warren Susman had taken the podium to debate their stances on the war in Vietnam. Gardner felt that [w]estern civilization was greatest when isolated to the size of Greek city-states, and failed most miserable when it reached out to take lands it was not entitled to take (Hochman 1). Fitzpatrick on the other hand expressed a very different opinion: We are fighting in Vietnam not to save our little brown brother, but to save ourselves...we live in a world today of civilizational struggle (Hochman 1).The third professor, Susman, suddenly became extremely angry and bolted towards the two, banging on the podium when he approached. The crowd witnessing the event went wild and stood to applaud Susman, and the remainder of the tea ch-in proved to be just as out of control. Eleven speeches were given in all discussing U.S. involvement in Vietnam and other pertinent issues. This teach-in at Rutgers was similar to many others nationwide that took place on college campuses in opposition to the war (Hochman 2). Another teach-in took place at the University of California Berkely. It was the largest teach-in yet and it lasted for thirty-six hours and over thirty thousand people participated in it. There were also marches on Washington Avenue in which twenty-five thousand people attended. These marches became popular when the college students went home for the summer (Wells 25). Also, in the early 1960s drastic social change was being pushed from another direction at universities. An organization known as Students for a Democratic Society sprung forth in order to instigate this type of reform (Vietnam 2). Leaders of the SDS realized that many college students were becoming restless with the way many aspects of society were operating, especially the United States action in the Vietnam War. They were sick of sitting back indifferently while the aspects of society they valued were falling apart (Port 8). The SDS believed that colleges and universities were the ideal places to initiate such social transitions in America. There were four main reasons these students felt convicted in this way. One was because these schools were places of education that had great influences on the opinions of students attending. A second reason was because colleges were the most principal establishments for utilizing information. Another was the way skills of persuasion and exploitation learned in classes could be used. A fourth reason was the great socioeconomic diversity present on every college campus. Universities were optimal locations for nearly every thought and opinion from across the country to be expressed (Port 12). For these grounds, Students for a Democratic Society came together to ensure that universities stepped out of

Psychology Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours

Psychology Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours A normal person exhibits the constituents of a normal personality. Anyone with an appropriate perception of reality, self-esteem and acceptance, the ability to exercise voluntary control over their own behaviour, productive and ability to form affectionate relationship is considered normal. On the other hand, a person is termed abnormal when he or she exhibits aspects of abnormal personality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the factors that may lead to an individual being pronounced abnormal include deviation from statistical and cultural norms, personal distress and maladaptive behaviour. Some people may be, however, considered abnormal in relation to their cultural behaviour compared to that of the others. Differences in individuals’ culture and situations form significant factors in the classification of abnormal behaviours (Kring Johnson 2010, 97). In order to answer this question (is it normal to be abnormal?), we are to have a clear understanding of abnormal psychology. Abnormal from the surface meaning is something that falls outside the norm. The norm of reference belongs to a particular group, age or gender. Most human behaviours follow the normal curve. Individual who falls far from the apex of this normal curve may be considered abnormal. From many studies, an apposition of normal and abnormal is not the same as that of good and bad. Abnormal psychology asserts that instead of focusing on the differences between what is normal and what is abnormal, the focus should be on the distress level or disruption that might be caused by a troubling behaviour. If behaviour causes problems in someone’s life or disrupts the comfort of other people, then such a behaviour might be termed abnormal and require some kind of mental health intervention (Carr 1999, 105). Abnormal psychology may be describe d in different perspectives. There is the behavioural perspective which focuses on the behaviour exhibited by people. In a behavioural therapy, the focus is put on the positive and maladaptive behaviours. This approach of abnormal psychology only emphasizes the behaviour itself and leaves out the underlying factors.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The medical approach to abnormal psychology puts focus on the biological causes of the mental illness. This perspective is based on the underlying causes of mental disorders that may include related physical disorders, genetic inheritance, chemical imbalances and infections. The medical therapeutics is naturally pharmaceutical even though they are usually used in collaboration with other types of psychotherapy. Lastly, the cognitive approach of the abnormal psychology focuses on the internal perceptions, thoughts and reasoning tha t may contribute to psychological disorders. The cognitive treatments allied to these disorders focus typically on helping people in changing their reactions or thoughts. Cognitive therapy may be, however, used in collaboration with the behavioural methods (Boyne 2009, 87). Just as indicated from various studies, an individual who deviates from the norm is termed abnormal. But what norm do these studies refer to? When an individual appears in a different society with the norms different from those he/she has been used to, he/she may exhibit abnormality to the local people. To them, the person is abnormal in terms of the behaviours he or she exhibits, but to the subject, he or she is normal as far as their norm is concerned. Therefore, to this extent, it is normal to be abnormal. However, universal considerations of abnormal individuals have been made by scholars. One definition of abnormality is the statistical deviation. This is witnessed in the curve of human characteristics. Thos e people who stray much from the average of the curve become universally abnormal. The statistical deviation, however, has its challenges since it does not consider most of the valuable derivations such as being genius (Jones 2005, 134).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal distress as mentioned in paragraph one is a constituent of abnormality. Generally, if an individual is content with their life, then they do not concern to the field of mental health. However, if their thought and behaviours result in discomfort either to them or to other people, then they are considered abnormal. Maladaptive behaviour may be, however, defined in relation to the society or to one’s self. This provides much flexibility and room for a conforming behaviour to the norms of the society as well as behaviour that id deviant provided it does not resul t in self damage. Abnormal is, therefore, a relative term and depends upon people’s life and situations around them. Some of the categories of behaviour that may suggest the availability of psychological disorders which are maladaptive in one way or another; they strain the well-being of people and include impaired functioning, long discomfort period, disruptive and bizarre behaviours (Johnson 2005, 210). In every person’s experience, there is some sort of psychological discomfort during some period of his/her life. This may be a result of anything like worrying about a lost loved one. The distress may be related to real events and supposed to pass away as time passes by. However, if such distress persists for extended period and does not relate to the events that surround the person in question, then the person is considered abnormal and may possibly have a psychological disorder. In impaired functioning, the distinction between a prolonged inefficiency and passing pe riod of inefficiency may sound unexplainable. In most life experiences, there exist many things that different people may do while the others find them very strange. For instance, the various piercings that a younger generation chooses today, their lifestyle and dressing may seem strange and bizarre to the elderly. However, their motivations are not difficult to understand, and this protects them from being termed clinically abnormal. Nevertheless, bizarre behaviour with no rational basis indicates that the individual may be confused. This may bring delusions and hallucinations caused by frequent psychoses.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disruptive behaviour may mean impulsive and is apparently an uncontrollable one that disrupts persons life and that of the others or even deprives other people of their human rights. This kind of behaviour forms a characteristic of a psychological disorder that is severe (Neale 2003, 67). In summary, the mentioned kinds of behaviours are maladaptive because of their nature of directly affecting the well-being of the individual or the people around them. They may also block the fulfilment and growth of the person’s potential. It is, therefore, evident from the arguments above that being abnormal is a normal thing. This is because abnormal is defined by the norms, and the norms belong to specific people and are not particularly universal. If a person behaves in a way not normal to other people according to their norms, they may consider that abnormal. This is a common aspect of human being as they will always tend to behave according to their norms. Whenever an individual exhib its the constituents of abnormal personality mentioned in the first paragraph, then that kind of individual may be universally abnormal. The same is applicable to the exhibition of the constituents of the normal personality (Martins 2008, 120). Bibliography Boyne, E 2009. Psychotherapy in Ireland, Routledge, London. Carr, A 1999. The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology, Routledge, London. Johnson, S 2005. Abnormal Psychology, Springer, New York. Jones, K 2005. Deviating from the norm, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Kring, D. Johnson 2010. Abnormal Psychology, Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Martins, R 2008. Abnormal Psychology, John Wiley Sons, London. Neale, J 2003. Clinical Psychology, Prentice Hall, London. Ray, M 2002. The Abnormal Normal, Prentice Hall, London.

Pentecost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pentecost - Essay Example The term, â€Å"they† indicates the apostles who were present at the place where Lord Jesus was crucified, with an intention to spread the preaching of the gospel to various corners of the earth. The term â€Å"all† is indicative of the number of people present there at that time which was 120 including the apostles (Acts 1:15). However, a common consensus could not be arrived as regards the â€Å"one place† which has been mentioned here. It could however be concluded that the place was a room upstairs (Acts 1:13). The phrase â€Å"suddenly† indicates the unpredictability of the event although they were expecting the descent of the Holy Spirit. The term â€Å"from heaven† is used to emphasis the fact that the sound descended from the sky. Rushing like a violent wind signifies the magnitude of the sound and the house was full of it describes aptly the force and power of the sound that it filled the entire house where they had gathered. The term it is indicative of the sound and not the wind. The term appeared unto them suggests that they saw or had visions of. The word cloven means divided or distributed whereas the term tongues is used shape of fire that looked like a tongue. In Hebrew the word tongue is described as something which is long, narrow and pointed in shape, and hence resembling fire. It sat upon each of them denotes that it rested on the heads of those gathered there and is indicative of the descent of the Holy Spirit. The phrase and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost is used to indicate that they were graced by the sacred presence of the Holy Spirit and hence were entirely under his command / power / influence / spell. The term filled with is used to signify the absolute power cast by his presence. The term began to speak in other tongues means that they started conversing in different languages and as the spirit gave them utterance denotes that the power / ability to speak in different languages was conferred on them by the holy spirit,

The Use of the Renewable Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Use of the Renewable Energy - Research Paper Example Production of renewable energy will therefore help in alleviating problems linked to this kind of dependence. Renewable energy has many benefits to the American nation in general’ provided it is pursued and produced in efficient ways. Homes and other socio-economic establishments using renewable are poised to save large sums of cash in the end in addition to them enjoying a stress-free environment. In many instances, use of renewable energy also renders citizens to fuel their homes independently thus making them less dependent. Owners of small business entities will also benefit from renewable energy, thus saving money that ids usually used to cater for utilities. Electricity producers and providers can also experience the many benefits accruing from development and supply of renewable energy. There is also Job creation and employment opportunities for professionals in the renewable energy subsector: people who are capable of inventing and innovating renewable energy options a nd products. Availability of renewable energy products makes the products cheaper.Use of conventional fuels has proved dangerous and has nearly subjected USA to political instabilities, disputes in trade and other unwanted impacts. USA’s reliance on other countries’ energy supplies has not brought any favors to the country. The prosperous country it is should be a wakeup call for the country to make.A more coherent and widespread generation and use of renewable energy faces a number of constraining factors.... Electricity producers and providers can also experience the many benefits accruing from development and supply of renewable energy. There is also Job creation and employment opportunities for professionals in the renewable energy subsector: people who are capable of inventing and innovating renewable energy options and products. Availability of renewable energy products makes the products cheaper. Use of conventional fuels has proved dangerous and has nearly subjected USA to political instabilities, disputes in trade and other unwanted impacts. USA’s reliance on other countries’ energy supplies has not brought any favors to the country. The prosperous country it is should be a wakeup call for the country to make and implement the necessary policies in the adoption and use of renewable energy. A more coherent and widespread generation and use of renewable energy faces a number of constraining factors: The American public is not sufficiently supplied with information on t he availability, benefits, and costs of the renewable energy option. Project initiators and supervisors in the renewable energy subsector have in many instances failed the test of understanding and solving the energy and other related needs of rural and to some extent the urban communities. They have also fallen short of designing and implementing projects that solve the energy problems especially in rural America. This can partly be explained by lack of these project initiators to involve the affected communities in the project design and implementation. Government agencies sometimes fail to assess effectively benefits and costs when contrasting and comparing renewable energy versus the traditional/conventional energy sources. This is a product of massive subsidization

Performance and Service Excellence in the Service Industry Case Study - 2

Performance and Service Excellence in the Service Industry - Case Study Example The Overnight Service delivers all packages by 8.00 AM to about 5000 zip code areas. Its Priority Overnight service delivers by 10.30 AM on the next business day in most US cities and by noon in other cities and regions. The standard overnight delivery delivers packages by 3 PM in most cities or by 4.30 PM in other areas. The air charter service accepts all commodities that will fit in an aircraft and provides the plane and the crew while the customer chooses the time, route and terms of service (FedEx para8). FedEx maintains a profitable commitment to excellence by applying the eleven management principles underlying its success. It makes customer satisfaction the central focus of business as this is good for business. The flat management structure minimizes a distance between leaders and front line workers while empowering employees and expanding their responsibilities. FedEx has been very committed to reasonable job security by cross-training employees for more flexibility allowing for a redistribution of work during low periods and hiring of part-time workers during peak workloads, thus eliminating the need for layoffs during off-peak times (FedEx para8). The human resources department designs thoughtful and creative compensation schemes, supple duty hours and permanent part-time work. Benefits are structured to accommodate personal preferences. FedEx has a policy of promotion from within, and problem resolution is given ultimate importance with the CEO sometimes intervening to resolve grievances. Open communication is enhanced through an internal broadcasting company, FXTV that reports and discusses all company news (Goldsack para 12). Even though everyone has their own responsibilities, the fences are low so that employees can help each other in case somebody is stuck. This is where cross-training comes in handy. The focus is customer satisfaction.

Case study: Eating Disorder

Case study: Eating Disorder Psychopathology refers to maladaptive behavior/s that causes distress to an individual and is brought about by a psychological disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). A number of factors contribute to the development of psychopathology: collectively referred to as the vulnerability-stress model (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). This model breaks the stressors down into three categories: biological causes, social causes and psychological causes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). There are four dominant psychological theories of psychopathology that govern treatment: Psychodynamic Theories, Behavioral Theories, Cognitive Theories and Humanistic and Existential Theories (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Eating disorders are classified as a form of psychopathology. Bulimia Nervosa, in particular, is an eating disorder characterized by bingeing episodes; followed by extreme actions that serve to induce immediate weight loss, such as purging (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Chassler (1998) states that bulimic nervosa sufferers turn to food as a way of alleviating their negative emotions. Food provides a form of distraction from their problems and comfort; this leads to bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). The purging occurs as a way of ensuring that they do not gain weight after their bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). Individuals that suffer from bulimia nervosa tend to have been highly preoccupied with their shape and weight prior to developing the disorder. (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Individuals developing this disorder tend to be highly dissatisfied with their bodies and many adolescent girls with low self-esteem tend to believe that all of their failures stem from the way that they look (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). These bulimic individuals follow cultural and societal norms that promise greater self-esteem to those who are slimmer (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Interestingly, Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) discovered that bulimic women evaluated their own bodies in a skewed manner; however, they found no such disturbances in their cognition related to other womens bodies or to what they assumed men might find attractive. It is also believed that those suffering from bulimia nervosa are mainly motivated by the desire to fulfill the expectations that men have about womens bodies (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Lacey and Evans (as cited in Anestis et al., 2009) were the first researchers to divide bulimic nervosa patients into two distinct subgroups: multi-impulsive versus uni-impulsive. The multi-impulsive subgroup exhibits impulsive behaviors that include not only binging and purging but also one of the following behaviors: substance abuse, stealing, sexual promiscuity or self-injury. However, Harnden-Fischer and Westen (2001) have found that separating bulimics into subgroups runs the risk of confining a range of complicated personality factors into a single category. These factors seem to be, characterized by emotional dysregulation, intense and labile affect, interpersonal desperation and impulsive efforts to escape distress and seek gratification. (Harnden-Fischer Westen, 2001, p. 558). Herzog, Keller, Sacks, Yeh, and Lavoril (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) found that 60% of those individuals with bulimic nervosa, who participated in their study, also had a co morbid Axis I diagnosis. Blinder, Chaitin and Goldstein (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) discovered that co morbidity with other Axis I disorders generally resulted in a poorer prognosis for bulimic nervosa patients. Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) found that the disorders that are most co morbid with bulimia nervosa are mood disorders, substance abuse (mostly alcohol abuse) disorders and anxiety disorders. Bryant-Waugh and Lask (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) highlighted another factor that is thought to contribute to a poor prognosis: the development of bulimia nervosa at an early age. Another factor that is believed to contribute to the possible development of bulimia nervosa is that of family dynamics. Humphrey and Strober (1987) found that those individuals with parents who have a history of alcohol abuse and obesity, which are ill disposed towards said individual, show them no affection and give them minimal attention, are more likely to develop bulimia nervosa. Humphrey and Strober (1987) suggest that bulimic individuals did not learn good coping mechanisms because of being overwhelmed by their family environment; coupled with the pressure to be slim, leads to bingeing and purging behavior. The bingeing episodes may also act as a substitute for the nurturance that they never had (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Arikian et al. (2008) also found that a family history of the father abusing alcohol, and the mother suffering from severe depression, resulted in a poorer prognosis for the bulimic individual. This essay will focus on a particular subject, namely, Molly. The article will investigate Mollys case and proffer possible solutions. Biographical Information THE CASE OF 5 Molly is nineteen years old and a second year tertiary student. She arrived to the session wearing tight jeans and a white sweater with coffee stains on one of her sleeves. Her scarf was out of place. Her hair was untidy and messy and her eyes were sunken with dark rings around them. There were no problems with her making eye contact although she displayed no emotions throughout the interview. She appeared to be very tired as evidenced by the repeated yawning and rubbing of her eyes. This led to the smudging of her mascara. Mollys aunt was worried about her and insisted that she see a psychologist at U.C.T.s Psychology Clinic. She was not doing her university work and was also having trouble sleeping. She had been caught bingeing and purging, which was a long-term problem, and was currently in a considerable amount of mental pain. She was also extremely suicidal. History of the Presenting Problem Molly was first exposed to trauma at a young age. Her parents were arguing loudly every night and Molly took it upon herself to stop them by banging with a toy on her door. This strategy worked for many years and led to Molly believing that she was the one who was responsible for keeping the peace between her parents. Molly was embarrassed to bring her primary school friends home as her father had an obvious alcohol dependency issue and was obese. Humphrey and Strober (1987) state that family discord; parental obesity and substance abuse are often seen to be some of the contributing factors to bulimia nervosa. During her primary school years, her fathers extreme negative reaction to her bad report cards flying into a rage and forbidding her to have supper -left Molly feeling unloved, unwanted and rejected. Both her parents would often drink heavily, until they passed out, and so were not there for Molly when she needed parental guidance and support. Added to this was the comparison that was always made between Molly and her younger brother, Luke. Luke was praised as much as Molly was berated; leading to a deep-seated pain and a sense of never being good enough. This level of family neglect all contributed to Mollys eventual development of bulimia (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Molly attempted suicide in an effort to punish her parents, and herself, for the way in which they treated her. This demonstrates a tendency to rush into behaviors that lessen the negative affect that Molly feels, and Anestis et al. (cited in Anestis et al., 2009) discovered this tendency to be a predictor of bulimia. Molly went to live with her mother after her parents divorced. Her mother suffered from depression and this is seen to be a contributor to Mollys bulimia as Arikian, Keel, Miller, Thuras, Mitchell and Crow (2008) state that severe maternal depression could lead to a poorer prognosis. Molly gained weight once she entered puberty and this led to the other children taunting her, at school, about her weight. She blamed her weight as the main source of her torment: a strong predictor for bulimia (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Her friends were the ones who first exposed her to bulimic behavior. Even though she claims that many people engage in bulimic behavior, she nevertheless states the need to purge in secret. Molly lost weight due to the bingeing and purging and this behavior was reinforced by her friends telling her how good she looked and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Molly started having sex with multiple partners, beginning at age 13. This behavior has continued into her university years. This can be seen not only as an expression of impulsivity but also as a form of reassurance seeking, two behaviors often associated with bulimics (Anestis et al., 2009). Diagnosis The DSM-IV can be used to assist in diagnosing Molly. Axis I refer to clinical disorders: Molly suffers from bulimia nervosa. This is her primary diagnosis. Co morbidly, she also suffers from substance abuse and depression. Axis II refers to either personality disorders or mental retardation. Molly does not appear to have any personality disorders, even though she does display some features of a borderline personality disorder. As it is stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), her impulsive behaviors, like sexual promiscuity and alcohol abuse, are all symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. However, she is not subject to the continuous vacillation between the extremes of only idealizing or only despising individuals, as described by Nolen-Hoeksema (2004). Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) states that a Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by angry outbursts, due to an unstable mood, and alternates between feelings of low self-worth and feelings of grandiosity. However, in Mollys case, h er angry outbursts are brought about due to a lack of sleep and not due to unstable mood, though she does suffer from that with respect to depression; it seems that she always feels herself to be of low self-worth. Axis III refers to general medical conditions. Molly does not have any general medical conditions. Axis IV refers to psychosocial and environmental problems. Molly comes from a broken home and has poor relationships with both her parents. They have neglected her, been hostile and highly critical of her, since her days in primary school. Therefore, Mollys social support comes from, mainly, her aunt who suggested that she visit a psychologist. Molly had weight problems at school that led to her being taunted and extremely unhappy. Her friends at the time, in high school, introduced her to bingeing and purging behavior. Molly began to get attention from boys and reacted to this by being sexually active from a young age. This behavior continued into her university years. Molly is not doing her university work and says that she needed to take some time off from university. She is under added pressure as her primary caregivers were arguing over how Mollys third year at university was to be financed. Her bingeing and purging episodes escalated dramatically following her visit to her pare nts and stepparent. Axis V refers to the Global Assessment of Functioning. A score of 20 characterizes Molly. Her symptoms are very serious as they can lead to her death or, at the very least, multiple physical problems. She is high in suicidal ideation, and this should be taken seriously and not ignored, and cannot continue with her studies at the present time. Her interpersonal relationships with men are marked by risky sexual behavior and her relationship with her parents serves to exacerbate her bulimic symptoms. She also seems to have no friends. The primary diagnosis is one of bulimia nervosa. There are many factors that point to this diagnosis and that fulfill the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Molly binges on junk food, such as chips and ice cream throughout the day, which is followed by purging. She was also eating in secret thus pointing to a lack of control over her behavior. This behavior started when Molly was thirteen so it has definitely been going on at least twice a week and for longer than three months. Molly was haunted by being overweight at school and attributed all of her problems to her weight, as evidenced by peoples praise of her thinness and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Thus, her preoccupation with her weight is significant. Molly also has two co morbid diagnoses: depression and substance abuse. Her symptoms of depression include emotional symptoms such as waves of mental anguishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which occurred more often, lasted longer, and grew in intensity and flat affect. Her physiological and behavioral symptoms of depression include serious sleep problems and feelings of fatigue as she yawned frequently and rubbed her eyes repeatedly. Her cognitive symptoms of depression include suicidal thoughts and a sense of hopelessness and worthlessness: she says, I thought to myself, nobody cares whether I live or die, so why bother with hospitals? She has major depression as her symptoms have lasted for around two weeks and they interfere with her functioning. Mollys second co morbid disorder is substance abuse. She drinks heavily on the weekends and often gets drunk. She continues to consume alcohol despite having periods where she blacks out and wakes up in bed with someone she has no recollection of even meeting. This is said to have happened frequently. These are hazardous behaviors, as Molly could be assaulted by or contract a sexual disease from any one of these men. The differential diagnoses in this case are substance abuse and depression. Depression is a differential diagnosis as Molly meets the diagnostic criteria of depression but this was ruled out, as the primary diagnosis, despite Mollys initial suicide attempt, as Mollys depressive symptoms appeared after her bulimia nervosa developed and can be seen as one of the symptoms thereof. As Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) state, Perhaps prolonged illness and chronicity in EDs initiate adverse relational experiences, nutritional causality, and affective blunting that predispose longer-term ED patients to depressive symptoms. Molly also could have been given a primary diagnosis of substance abuse but, once again, this behavior occurred long after the bulimia nervosa began and could be seen to be another symptom thereof. As Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) state, A significant percentage of treatment-seeking individuals with BN are also diagnosed with a co-morbid disorder, with approximately 20 to 80% classified with a lifetime major depressive disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Among individuals with eating disorders, patients with BNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ report a higher prevalence of alcohol or drug problems. Case Formulation There are a number of psychological theories that underpin Mollys case but, perhaps, the most fitting theory is that of the psychoanalytic theory, a subset of psychodynamic theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Freud developed psychoanalysis and this theory is largely based on the idea that all behavior stems from unconscious processes. As stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), Freud termed the phenomenon of when a persons defense mechanisms are no longer useful as they are harmful to that individual, the neurotic paradox. One could say that Molly suffers from the neurotic paradox: she has unresolved, and angry, feelings towards her parents and sublimates these feelings by bingeing and purging. Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) mentions Freuds notion of repression: memories or feelings that an individual cannot or does not want to face and so, these memories or feelings, are banished from said individuals consciousness. One could also say that Mollys bingeing and purging stem from her repressing her angry fe elings towards her father, turning them inwards and making use of maladaptive strategies to cope. Many of Mollys problems stem from her family upbringing and the relationship that she has with her primary caregivers, her parents; as will be demonstrated below. Sugarman and Kurash (as cited in Chassler, 1998) state that the bingeing episodes are a way of reconnecting to the mother and the purging occurs out of a fear of being swallowed-up by the mother. This theory points to Molly expressing her anger and disappointment at her mother for not being there to show her the love and support that she needed and so, in this way, Molly is trying to fulfill her need for maternal love in other ways. As Woodall (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p. 403) has pointed out, the bulimic nervosa sufferer uses food as a, reliable transitional object as a way to undo the mothers frightening unreliability. Bowlby (as cited in Chassler, 1998) first established the concept of attachment: a theorizing of the way in which humans are driven to form attachments to certain others. A healthy and nurturing attachment to a primary caregiver leads to a well-adjusted child (Chassler, 1998). However, disturbances in this attachment lead to all kinds of psychological problems developing (Chassler, 1998). As a child, Molly was exposed to her parents hostile feelings towards one another: expressed in their fighting matches. This can be seen to be a disruption in the positive attachment that should have developed between Molly and her parents (Chassler, 1998). Twice in her life, she felt as though she were responsible for her parents behaviors: (1) as a child when she would knock on the door in an attempt to get her parents to stop fighting and (2) when living with her depressed mother, now divorced, and feeling responsible for her mothers emotional wellbeing. As Humphrey (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p . 406) states families of bulimic nervosa sufferers tend to be, higher in conflict, chaos, detachment, neglect, dependency and contradictory communications than normal families. Igoin-Apfelbaum (as cited in Chassler, 1998) found that there are a higher percentage of broken homes among his bulimic nervosa participants than among his control participants. This hostile environment became unbearable for Molly during her primary school years. Her fathers emotional abuse led to Molly feeling worthless and, perhaps, seeing as he attacked her intellectual ability, she felt that she could succeed in another way by controlling her weight and being attractive. Molly may have a genetic predisposition to developing depression as her mother suffers from depression (Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006). Mollys parents both abused alcohol and her father is described as being obese; these are two factors that are linked to the development of bulimia (Humphrey Strober, 1987). Being in direct contact with her fathers obesity may have contributed to Mollys obsession with being thin. Lilenfeld et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found that individuals with bulimia nervosa with a co morbid disorder of substance abuse mostly have relatives who themselves have a substance abuse problem. Treatment Keel et al.(as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) posits that alcohol abuse and eating disorders stem from different etiologies that mutually bear influence upon one another. O Malley et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found, in his study, that successfully treating the substance abuse disorder did not completely eradicate the bulimic syndrome Therefore, Molly, who has co morbid alcohol abuse and bulimia nervosa, may require an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy treatment that addresses both disorders (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). There are specific modules that Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) highlight as being the most significant targets that their integrated cognitive behavioral therapy should attempt to heal. Addressing motivation to change is key as adherence to recovery is necessary, in order to prevent relapse (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing interpersonal relationships, making use of techniques gleaned from psychotherapy, is crucial as interpersonal conflict often serves to exacerbate the bulimic and substance abuse behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing reward sensitivity can be done in the form of cue exposure, which has been shown to be successful for both substance abuse and bulimic behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). However, cue exposure may not be appropriate for outpatient therapy as it could lead to alcohol consumption after the session (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing impulsive behaviors is a necessary part of the treatment and dialectical behavior therapy has been found t o be effective in treating the bulimia nervosa sufferers impulsive behaviors (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). For as Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009, p. 95) have stated, The DBT model for BN conceptualizes binge eating and purging as a means of controlling emotions, and emotion dysregulation is therefore considered to be primary problem with ongoing bulimic behaviors. Conclusion: Gender Bias Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) found bulimic women, whose perceptions of the body shape and size of women that men find attractive, did not differ significantly from that of men. However, they also state that cultural norms indicate that adolescent girls hope to attain self-confidence by achieving a level of thinness. Therefore, women feel that they have to attain a particular level of thinness in order to be desired by the opposite sex. This places women under tremendous pressure. The media contributes to this pressure by displaying images of women who have attained this ideal thereby intimating that it is within every womans power to achieve similar results. Men are under more pressure to be successful in monetary terms as this can snare a mate, whereas women are under more pressure to be physically appealing in order to attract men. This is evident in Mollys case as she states that boys began being interested in her once she had lost her weigh t. Therefore, it is apparent that bulimia nervosa would have a greater propensity in women than it would in men.

An Analysis of Russos Empire Falls :: Empire Falls Essays

An Analysis of Russo's Empire Falls The characters in Empire Falls go through many changes throughout the novel. By the end of the novel Miles is changed drastically. He begins the novel as a slow moving, trusting, somewhat depressed individual. By the end of the novel, Miles has achieved an epiphany. No longer letting the world step on his dreams, Miles goes after with a roar the dreams and desires that have lain dormant for twenty years. His ex-wife, Janine, also comes to realize that the dreams she thought she had are not necessarily what she wants after all. Janine comes to accept herself for Janine, instead of flailing around wildly trying to find herself in outward appearances. Tick has learned a lesson that we all come to at some point in our lives, that people are not always good and there is danger in the world. Charlie Mayne tells Miles that "There are things that grown-ups intend and want to do, but somehow just can’t." (p. 472). In all of Empire Falls, this theme is echoed. There are dreams denied or put on hold. There are characters desperately trying to do what they think is right but failing miserably. The entire town is moving in slow motion toward their own individual explosions. The novel itself meanders along, like the Knox River. Russo says in the Preface, "What water wanted to do was flow downhill by the straightest possible route. Meandering was what happened when a river’s best intentions were somehow thwarted." This is what the population of Empire Fall’s has been doing for twenty years meandering. To emphasize this theme, Russo himself meanders, oftentimes leaving the reader wondering when something dramatic would happen. In life, this is what so many people do also. People are always waiting for something to happen, always hoping that their waiting is the right thing to do and everything will come out right in the end. But all this attitude does is cause a build up that explodes when the dam bursts, as can be seen in the events that unfold in the last chapters of the novel. Russo won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel, Empire Falls. The paragraph above emphasizes the main reason that I find for the novel being such a success. The manner in which Russo is able to actually weave this concept of ‘waiting’ into his story by creating a feeling of time moving slowly, of anticipation.

Analysis of Retail Market Essay

Larger businesses in retail are generally more profitable than smaller businesses with many of the largest businesses historically among the most profitable in the economy. The larger retailers in Australia would appear to have enjoyed better returns on capital than their overseas counterparts and have continued to do so since the global financial crisis. Growth in retail sales has been slow in recent years. While short term or cyclical factors have contributed to this slowdown, the growth of retail sales has experienced a long term slowdown due to changes in consumer buying habits. Consumers are choosing to spend a smaller share of their income on retail goods because over the recent past, they are saving more and they are spending greater shares of their expenditure on services such as finance, rent and education. Further, while there has been price deflation in some sub-categories of retail, overall, sales volumes have continued to grow. The level of productivity in the Australian retail industry is low compared to retail in other countries in Europe and North America. However, the growth rate of productivity in retail, over the past two decades, has been similar to the average rate for all industries in Australia. Retailers have achieved productivity growth by increasing the capital intensity of their operations, including through adopting information and communications technology. Furthermore, investments in big box retailing have also been a factor. These changes occurred earlier in the US, and since then, US retailers have continued to achieve productivity growth by improving management and operations to make more effective use of labour and capital. These opportunities appear yet to be fully realised by most Australian retailers. A snapshot of the retail industry Retailing makes a significant contribution to the economy The retail industry is one of Australia’s largest employers. Currently, there are almost 140 000 retail businesses employing about 1. 2 million people or 10. 7 per cent of the total working population. Together, retail workers earn about $32 billion in wages and salaries each year, or 6 per cent of the economy’s total. The retail industry also makes a significant contribution to economic output, contributing $55 billion or over 4 per cent of GDP each year. However, it is a relatively small contributor to investment (table 3. 1). Table 3. 1 The contribution of Australian retail trade 2009-10a Retail trade Gross value added ($m) Employment (‘000s) Wages and salaries ($m) Investment ($m) Capital stock ($m) Number of businesses (end 2008-09) a Includes motor vehicles & parts and fuel retailing. Source: ABS (Australian System of National Accounts: gross fixed capital formation and capital stock, Cat. no. 5204. 0; Labour Force, Australia, Cat. no. 6291. 0, Counts of Australian Businesses, Cat. no. 8165. 0).

Psychological Impact Paper Essay

Cultural diversity is a bonus in the society today. The ability to interact or network with other cultures gives you an opportunity to understand different cultures and how they live their life on a daily basis. Although being culturally diverse may be a positive aspect. It may have complications depending on your race. For example, Racism, Discrimination, and Civil rights are factors that may cause a psychological development, distress, or behavior problem. In my paper I will discuss the potential impact of racism, discrimination, and civil rights on the psychological development, distress and behavior on a cultural diverse African American. Racism â€Å"Racism consists of beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotype characteristics or ethnic group affiliation,† (Hall, 2010. Pg 88). African Americans faced racism on a daily basis in the 1900s. Lynch mobs and burnings terrorized African Americans, causing them to be skeptical or in fear of leaving their own home. They were denied industry jobs and were forced to work low end jobs. This resulted in to poor living conditions which affected their mental health. Picking cotton was their main source of income. African Americans began to question their self worth because as of minorities they were not able to express their intelligence or communication skills they used to be culturally diverse. African Americans began to think they were useless only because they could not provide more for their families. â€Å"Categorical beliefs about the biological and/or cultural inferiority of some racial groups can attack the self-worth of at least some members of stigmatized racial groups and undermine the importance of their very existence† (Williams and Morris, 2000. Pg 255). African Americans self esteem became to drop, causing them not to be able to function mentally. Racism may have decreased compared to the 1900s but it still exists in present day. Discrimination Discrimination has been known to have an impact on the  psychological development, distress and behavior on African Americans. Discrimination is (Define). â€Å"Recent qualitive studies and journalistic accounts reveal that black experience discrimination in a broad range of contexts in society and that these incidents can induce considerable distress† (Williams and Morris, 2000. Pg 251). Treated unfairly impacted the health of African Americans, causing anxiety or anger. African Americans thought that they were overly qualified for jobs that they were denied. After being denied African Americans would become angry or frustrated because of not being treated equally. African Americans were prideful of their culture and the only way to show people of other cultures is by showing they were inferior. African Americans were inferior but still suffered from mental health problems. â€Å"Racist discrimination is associated with anxiety, anger frustration, resentment, somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal hypersentivity, fear, paranoia, helplessness-hopelessness, and depression among African Americans† (Hall, 2010. Pg 91). Discrimination caused African Americans to lack interactions amongst other races in schools. â€Å"Afrocentrism espouses African ideals at the center of ones approach to problem solving† (Hall, 2010. Pg 92). This was an important factor in the multicultural research. Civil Rights African Americans struggled for years for freedom form slavery. After being free fought for equality and a voice. Movements began to form on behalf of African Americans continued to struggle mentally, only because they felt their voice was not heard. In 1875 the Civil Rights Act was passed giving them the right to equal treatment in public settings. Followed by the 1896 decision to legalize racial segregation of schools. Although the schools were segregated African Americans parents and children feared for their lives. They were afraid that European Americans would hurt their children all because they were attending schools that where made for whites. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 created the opportunity for African Americans to have constitutionals rights without discrimination or segregation. The Civil Rights Act was passed but Racism still exist, causing African Americans to feel hopeless. African Americans then began to search  for another outcome which lead to Affirmative Action. The Black Muslims created opportunities and had a goal of diversity. Goals of Black Muslims were to replace the negative effects of slavery with positive values and behavior and to develop independence from the dominant culture,†(Hall, 2010. Pg90). Hope for understanding African American identity and multicultural relation was offered by psychological theory and research despite political and legal setbacks. Although African Americans were faced with adversities, they managed to overcome them. Africans struggled mentally as well as facing distress and behavior problems all because the way they were treated. African Americans tried to form bonds amongst other cultures, giving them the opportunity to become diverse individuals. Learning other cultures was common for African Americans, like for instance adapting to the American culture after being slaved. African Americans have put the past behind them and continue to become more diverse as well teaching other cultures there values and traditions. Barnes, J. (2004). Unequal Education. U.S. News & World Report, 136(10), 66. Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural Psychology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall

102 Reflection and Intro to Monsters Professor Ramos Blog

102 Reflection and Intro to Monsters Reflection Reflection Reflect on the writing process for your rhetorical analysis. Write for a few minutes on what you learned from writing this essay. Rhetorical Analysis Grading Criteria Critical Thinking Clarity of Writing Close reading of text, understand purpose, audience, and appeals MLA Sources Images and Title Fallacies Continued Fallacy Posters Define and explain the fallacy Give examples How to avoid the fallacy Monsters Introduction We are going to be starting the second and final unit of the course, Monsters. We will read, write, and think critically about monsters of many kinds. Monsters and Monstrosity will provide us the opportunity to learn about a phenomenon that stretches across multiple cultures and time periods. Monsters will also give you a better understanding of both cultural history and the world today. The first half of the course was meant as an introduction to critical thinking. The second half will be the application of critical thinking, through the lens of Monsters and Monstrosity. We will use Monster Theory to analyze monsters and what they represent.   Monsters are all around us. In the movies we watch, the books we write, and in every aspect of life. Monsters are fear inducing. But monsters are also cuddly like Shrek, Cookie Monster, and The Count on Sesame Street. Monsters have always been symbolic creatures, generally representing darkness and evil. The villain for the hero to vanquish. The Latin word  monstrum  refers to both a monster and a sign that something momentous or calamitous is likely to happen.

Fast Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fast Food - Research Paper Example In effect, people want to â€Å"grab a bite† quickly and go back to their activities. In this case, individuals eat food prepared and served quickly in packaged form at outlets known as â€Å"take away† because it is convenient. In effect, it has become a common occurrence to find mothers bring home packed food to their children as their dinner. In this regard, the country, and the world to some extent, experiences a culture whereby fast foods are the order of the day in most households. While fast foods have created employment and business opportunities all over the world, there is a growing criticism on negative health effects of consuming fast foods especially in the American society. First, the patterns of food consumption have greatly changed in the world and especially in America. One of these changes is on the rise in consumption and purchasing of fast foods in America. Jekanowski, Binkley, and Eales noted, â€Å"In 1997, food away from home accounted for about 45% of total food expenditures, up from approximately 26% in 1960† (58). In this case, food away from home is fast foods that most Americans consider convenient due to their busy lives. In addition, it is common knowledge that the female participation in the labor market is steadily rising each year. Traditionally, it is the role of women to prepare food at home. Therefore, more females joining the labor force implies that the household time is decreasing as more women are seeking employment. In effect, the convenience of fast foods and the decreasing household time are the two fundamental reasons that have pushed the consumption and expenditure on fast food upwards. The U.S. Department of Agriculture noted, â€Å"From 1982 to 2003, expenditure on fast food in the U.S. raised from $26.5 billion to $126.7 billion-an annual rate of growth of 6.4%, over 2% higher than the growth rate of at home food consumption (qtd. in Richards, Patterson, and Hamilton 425). In effect, this imp lies that more and more Americans spent a lot of money to consume fast foods, which meant that they cut on spending on the traditional home foods due to the convenience of the fast foods and increasing participation of women in the labor market. On the other hand, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention at the same time noted, â€Å"The percentage of consumers regarded as obese more than doubled, rising from roughly 14% to 30%† (qtd. in Richards, Patterson, and Hamilton 425). Nevertheless, it is important to point out that there are various causes of obesity, which implies that fast food is not the only cause. However, Chou, Grossman, and Saffer regarded the consumption of fast foods as the fundamental reason behind the rise in the levels of diabetes and obesity in the country (qtd. in Richards, Patterson, and Hamilton 425). A 2005 study by the University of Minnesota â€Å"found a direct link between eating fast food and the development of type 2 diabetes (qtd. in H. O’Keefe and J O’Keefe 38). In effect, this explains the rising cases of diabetes amongst the citizens of American. In addition, the study further noted â€Å"people who consumed fast foods two or more times a week were typically ten pounds heavier than those who ate fast food less than once a week† (qtd. in H. O’Keefe and J O’Keefe 38). In effect, the implication of heavily relying on fast foods amongst Americans is an overweight society, which effectively leads to obesity and puts an individual at risk of diseases such as hypertension. However, the study identified a more

Will be doing a video essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Will be doing a video - Essay Example Being such, I would know which area of study I should work harder to become better in my practice. This pursuit of becoming better as a nurse by pursuing a Master’s Degree does not only improves the prospect of my career in the long run but also makes me a more effective, compassionate nurse and in a way, an instrument that improve and make people’s lives better. This is consistent with Georgetown University’s mission of â€Å"promoting health and well-being for all people, with its emphasis on preparing students to be morally reflective health care leaders and scholars† which to my understanding is to genuinely care for people’s health and well-being as well improving myself as a nurse. I anticipate that the academic environment at Georgetown University will be rigorous considering that it is one of the best universities in the world in the field of nursing. This however for my own good because those rigorous training will make me a better

Franchising Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Franchising Marketing - Essay Example Franchising has been recognized as a successful business model leading to accelerated expansion of the new store with local control of the franchise owners assuring lesser financial risks with rewards associated with local ownership which requires lower level of supervision and economies of scale. "The most widely accepted definition of a franchise refers to a contractual relationship between a franchisee (usually taking form of a small business) and a franchisor (usually a larger business) in which the former agrees to produce or market a product or service in accordance with the blueprint devised by the franchisor"(Stanworth et al. 1995) Management Structures: Franchising is primarily defined in terms of the legal business agreement between two partners, the franchisor and the franchisee. The franchisor, who has previously established a market-tested business package of products or services, enters into a continuing contractual relationship with a number of franchisees, typically small business owners, who must operate their businesses according to the franchisor's specified format (Curran and Stanworth, 1983). The franchisor provides a proven method of operation, support, and advice on the setting up of the new franchisees, and also guarantees continuing support to the franchisee. In return, the franchisee pays a lump sum entrant fee and other charges for regular services (that is, royalty on sales, advertising fees, marketing levy) (Fulop and Forward, 1997). Franchising has been adopted a growth strategy for many firms in business with the advent of globalization. It is a different from other form of business. A f ranchise is a hybrid form of business characterized by complex contractual arrangements (Eisenhardt, 1989). Though many franchises operate between hybrid and the hierarchy (centralized or organizational) firm and incorporate both the franchised units as well as the company owned outlets (Brickley and Dark, 1987) In a hybrid operation, the franchisor monitors and controls the franchisee within the limits specified in the franchise agreement. In contrast, the franchisor operates company-owned outlets through his or her authority over a centralized bureaucracy or as a hierarchical organization. The resource scarcity theory and the agency theory explained the theory of franchising around the hybrid and hierarchy forms of franchise organization. Support for the agency theory as a rationale behind franchising was substantial. Research found that the franchisee motivation as an agent was perceived to be the most important strategy of the franchise firms (Oxenfelt and Kelly, 1968-69) while the capital advantage of franchising, which was proposed by the resource scarcity theory, had a low acknowledgement by the franchisors (Lillis, Narayana and Gilman, 1976). The franchisee's high motivation was probably derived from the nature of the franchise relationship. Franchising involves an exchange relationship between franchisor and franchisee which was sometimes described as a partnership or strategic alliance (Stanworth and Kaufmann, 1996). The franchisee is simply managing an outlet featuring the corporate strategy of the franchisor and to a certain extent possesses a degree of autonomy in managing the outlet (Dant and Gundlach, 1998). Unlike the company-owned manager, the franchisee enjoys more dependency in running the day-to-day business Franchisee and Franchisor: The

The study of criminology Essay Example for Free

The study of criminology Essay Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. In the United States, it is taught chiefly in departments of criminology and criminal justice of colleges and universities. Criminologists study factors related to crime. Research in criminology involves fields such as sociology, psychology, and psychiatry. Law enforcement greatly depends on criminology. Often, the best method of treating offenders and ways to prevent crime are determined by criminologists. There are different things to study in criminology. Most criminological research examines environmental conditions. Others concentrate on the connection between crime and biological factors such as brain structure and chemical imbalances. And others emphasize peoples emotions and motives. Some study the ways which individuals learn criminal behavior through association with people. Criminologists also study penology, which is the science of punishment and treatment of offenders. They try to make punishment more certain than ever, bringing people to trial quickly, imposing fair sentences, and providing adequate prisons. Criminologists use a wide variety of research techniques. Statistics are often used to study the crime rate and the characteristics of criminals. Criminologists find relationships between crime rates and certain physical or social conditions. For example, such studies may show that the crime rate increases when poverty and unemployment rise. Criminologists generally use statistics compiled by government agencies. Criminology is extremely important in determine numerous factors in trials. It played many important roles in the recent OJ Simpson murder trial. Criminologists also use statistics to learn about personality traits or social conditions that are more common among criminals than other people. Researchers usually compare a group of criminals with a group of non-criminals who are similar to the lawbreakers in most ways. Differences  between the two groups can be measured in this manner. Any personality trait or social condition that occurs more frequently among criminals maybe one of many causes of criminal behavior. Case studies is another technique criminologists use. In a case study, a criminologist examines all the personality traits and social conditions that affect one criminal. The researcher studies the persons family history, environment, physical condition, psychological state, and many other characteristics. All these details help determine how certain conditions produce criminal behavior in an individual. Some case studies are conducted on certain groups of criminals, such as rapists or juvenile gangs. A criminologist may use the results of a case history to work out a theory about the development of criminal behavior. Most criminologists have university training in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, psychiatry. or related areas. Requirements vary for a career, but most criminologists have a masters or doctors degree. Many of these experts conduct research and reach criminology at universities and colleges. Many social workers are employed in the general area of criminology. Parole and probation officers must have a knowledge of criminology. Personnel trained in criminology also work in crime prevention programs and in the treatment of offenders. Lawyers, judges, and prison superintendents also should have some knowledge of criminology. In the United States, the major professional organization for criminologists is the American Society of Criminology, which was founded in 1941.

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay Executive summary Its no doubt that American football and the Super Bowl event for that matter is a multi-million dollar business. Most estimates put its contribution to host cuties economies consistently over $300 million. A good number of Americans follow events that shape the sport and contribute to its well being in one way or the other. Besides the benefits that the players and industry regulators reap there are numerous other ways that ordinary people benefit. Entertainment is one such avenue but the biggest of them all is the economic impact that the event brings to the host city This paper seeks to examine the economic impacts that come along with the hosting of the event. The direct and indirect impacts that are accrued from activities that surround the staging of the championship run into millions of dollars. There is significant investment from the authorities that is required for the success of the championship. The authorities then benefit fro revenue collection and improvement of infrastructure. The event also accords the host city business opportunities that local individuals and companies exploit to boost the local economy. Documented evidence and critical reviews on the economic impact of Super Bowl exist. This provided the basis of this research as the starting point and the fleshing up of the conclusions arrived. The paper dwells mainly on the background, statistical evidence as well as the sectors benefit as direct result of the staging of Super Bowl. The contents of this paper aides the conclusion at the end of it. This is the general idea that can be deduced from the whole findings that are contained in the paper. Introduction Sports are today an integral part in the development of nations. Its an income earner for many people both directly and indirectly. In Europe soccer is the major sport developed through the various soccer leagues in Europe. Rugby is common too in Europe as is cricket in Asia (Layden, 2005). In the United States basket ball, base ball and American football form the top cream of sports business entertainment and business. They are huge money minting machines that responsible for the generation of millions in taxes to the authorities hence playing a big part in economic development. The Super Bowl is perhaps the biggest and most unique annual sporting events that take place in the United States. This is the final game of the national football league championship which can comfortably claim to be the most watched television broadcast in the US. It holds such significance in the American culture that some consider it an unofficial holiday. The Super Bowl Sunday, the day that the game is staged is the second biggest food consumption day in the United States only next to thanks giving day. That translates to a big boost in food businesses and others as well. Besides the game which is the star attraction of the event, there has been the cooption of various performances from artists. The artists perform during the pre-game and half times. Its importance is well demonstrated when the campaign of the then senator Barrack Obama bought airtime in various networks 30 minutes before the Super Bowl to advertise his policies. Television channels have used the Super Bowl time to introduce series of the programs that the want to attract huge followings Its not lost to any casual observer that the Super Bowl has importance that stretches beyond the field and beyond the mare fact that its a popular game. To many the hosting presents a windfall of opportunities. The impacts of the game span past sports to culture and the economy. That has always been the subject of debate from the games administrators to commentators and independent observers. According to Depken and Wilson (2003), the viewership of the Super Bowl is estimated to be close to 100 million people worldwide and a potential of one billion. That can easily rival the FIFA soccer World Cup and the Olympic. While it has not acquired the status of the above two, the economic impact that the event is likely to bless a host city with is unprecedented. That is besides other advantages like the chance to revamp its infrastructure and improve its security. Economists have always dismissed that the economic impact that the Super Bowl brings to the host city may a fraction of what its normally touted to be. But that is subject to debate (Feinstein, 2007). Extensive studies are carried out every year to determine the economic impacts that championship game brings to the host city. However there appears to be consensus among attendees, local business leaders, and corporate planners that its beneficial to host the event, whichever way one looks at it. Purpose With super bowl comes a host of opportunities for the companies that win time to advertise and those that manufacture anything associated with the staging of the event. Of particular importance however is the benefit that the host city reaps from the staging of the event. The economic impact on the city can be enormous and careful planning may ensure the netting of a good amount of revenue besides the publicity that the city gets. The current NFL policy is to stage the Super Bowl in a city that has an NFL franchise. Cities normally bid fro the hosting and they are determined five years before the game is played. Currently the cities have been determined up to the year 2013. There has been a string of criticism that the figures and projections that are presented by NFL to the host cites are not based on reality. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light into the whole issue of the economic impact of the host city of Super Bowl. This research will seek to determine the economic impact that the Host city receives. All dimensions are examined, the merits and demerits as far as its economy is concerned. Background Football has been played in the US for a long time just like other sports like baseball. Professional football in the United States began in the year 1920. Super Bowl the premier event of the game-Super Bowl championship however is relatively young having been played for the first time in 1967 (Schwartz, 1998). Since then the event has acquired elevation to one of the most valued sports traditions in the history of sports. Super Bowl is the football game that is played annually to determine the champion of the National Football League. Winners from the American Football Conference championship game and the National Football Conference face each other in the run up to the National Football League playoffs. The merger agreement between the American football league and the national football league saw the creation of the Super Bowl. The NFL has a long history dating back to the 1920s while the AFL started gaining dominance in the 1960s. There was as a result intense rivalry between the two leagues in regards to fans, players and control of the game. To avoid financial ruin, the two rivals decided to engage in talks in 1966 which resulted in the subsequent merger. Since then it has become a national pastime activity whose popularity is rivaled by few events in America. The Pittsburgh Steelers is the team that has won the most Super Bowls- six while the Dallas cowboys and the San Francisco have both won five each Data collection The findings and conclusions that were made in this research paper were very dependent on data. There was no field research conducted, however secondary data form books, scholarly research articles and the internet was used in this research. All sources were included in the in text citation and the bibliography at the end of the paper. General figures The figures associated with Super Bowl indicate clearly why the event is an important one in American culture and business, most importantly the host city. Its the most watched television program every year in the country. 40% of all households in the US tune to television during the game as are 60% of all homes (St. John, 2009). Close to 90 million Americans tune into the Super Bowl game while another close to 120 million partially doing so. Hallmark Cards Inc rates Super Bowl as the number one home party event every year, perhaps bigger than New Years Eve. Wenner (2005) reveals that its the biggest eating day in the U.S apart from thanks giving day. 15,000 tonnes of chips and four thousand tones of popcorn are consumed in homes during the Super Bowl. Avocado which is essential for the preparation of guacamole is another type of food that is widely consumed on super Sunday. According to the California avocado commission, twelve million avocados are sold in preparation for the game. Figures available on the impact of the Super Bowl indicate that cities experience economic impacts amounting to millions of dollars. In 1994 Atlanta Georgia made 166 million dollars from the Super Bowl, Miami made 365 million in1995; phoenix reaped 306 million in 1996 while New Orleans raked in 200 million in 1997. Others include 295 million for San Diego in 1998,336 million for Huston Texas in 204 and 372 million for Detroit Michigan in 2006. Economic impact For the host city to be determined it has to be appealing to tourist, sponsors and spectators. That is besides being a franchise city of the NFL (Depken Wilson, 2003). The NFL, local governments and various associations of hotels and restaurants normally predict the economic impact that the hosting will have on the city (Depken Wilson, 2003). This mainly takes into account the expenditure that the city is likely to incur while determining the real benefits that it will get. For instance the police and fire departments are paid for the overtime hours that they work to ensure safety and security is maintained. The spending is done according to the projected impact and the extent to which the prevailing economy can allow. Tampa Bay had to scale back spending on the Super Bowl due to the state of the current state of the economy. The potential positive impact on the local economy is the major incentive for the city that is hosting the Super Bowl. Economists generally estimate that super bowl always has had an impact of between $300- $400 million on the host citys economy (Coates Humphreys, 2002) There are direct and indirect impacts that come with the event, which can also be long-term and short-term as well (Christopher Peters, 2006). In simple layman terms, the sum total comprise of the economic impact of the Super Bowl on the host city (Polzer, 2003). The direct impacts come form the spending by the various participants while indirect impacts are the multiplier effect the is felt way after the event is done. The money that was spent locally is re-spent again leading to additional rounds of spending (Wenner, 2005). Indirect impacts also include rise in local residents incomes due to the activities associated with the game as well as the dollars that are withdrawn form the local economy. Further the direct impacts comprise of the large scale purchase of goods by companies mainly from local producers and manufacturers (Depken Wilson, 2003) The economic impacts of any sporting event are usually measured in terms of the increase in revenue collection for the authorities and individual business that help sustain it. Direct and indirect expenditure is also factored in. Super Bowl is a unique event that cannot be really compared to any type of sport. However the economic impact that it breeds is comparable to those other world events mentioned earlier. The above statistics paint a rosy picture of the Super Bowl event and day. They are not exaggerated in any way meaning they can translate to real economic benefits on the ground. The host city will have to reevaluate its entire system to be able to deal with the needs of the traveling fans that flock to town for the Super Bowl. The economic impact of the city is more or less positive because of the increased consumption of goods and services that are as a direct result of the temporary population explosion. Overall the change in economic activity associated with the event is the most appropriate indicator of the benefits. Its arrived at by multiplying the direct impacts by the multiplier and adding the result to the direct impacts. To be more precise the economic activities that result into the benefits in the local economies have been highlighted in the following section. Tourism Tourism is one of the major income earners especially for any authorities that enjoy any degree of autonomy. Tourism is boosted by various events that attract record numbers of people. Sports events like Super Bowl are some of them. There is always an influx of visitors mainly traveling fans to the super bowl host city. A joint commissioned study by the NFL and the Sport Management Research Institute in 1999 concluded that the average expenditure of attendees who flocked to the south Florida Super Bowl were double the expenditure of tourists during the peak season of that place (Leiker, 2005).These comprise of the majority of tourists that visit the city during that particular time. The locals who take breaks from their work to watch the event to some extent comprise of the domestic tourists of the city. According to Price Water House Coopers, Indianapolis that is bidding to host the event in 2011 will receive over 98,000 visitors and approximately $131 million in direct spending from the visitors and the locals. An estimated 95600 people visited Atlanta during the Super Bowl period. Huston was estimated to have received close to 90,000 visitors during its Super Bowl (Layden, 2005). The direct impact as a result of the sporting event is widespread spending by the local residents as well as tourist. In Tampa Bay for instance hospitality and tourism industry activities as a result of the Super Bowl XLIII were estimated to generate approximately $150 million in direct spending. In past championships, the same activities generated $195 million in phoenix and Miami. Detroit generated $118 million, $ 124 million for Jacksonville in 2005 and $ 135 million for Huston in 2004 all from direct spending form tourist and hospitality activities as result of the staging of the Super Bowl (Depken Wilson, 2003). They spend on hotels, rental cars, taxis and visits to local attractions. The expenditure that is pumped into the city/s coffers from accommodation, food and other tourist activities is the boon that is capitalized on most. According to Schwartz (1998), most hotels report 100% booking rate in the period on the run up to the games a few days after. Bed occupancy and demand for the provision of other services are critical in the revenue generation of hotels that are involved during the Super Bowl. Shopping Its an unofficial fact among all sports fans, Super Bowl fans are the biggest spendthrifts there are today. Commodity prices rise due to the market forces of demand. Some traders too cash in on the event with modest price increments that translate to the increase in revenue. Many retail chains in the host cities find it economically viable when the Super Bowl is held in their city. They are among the direct beneficiaries of the free spending habits of the traveling fans and tourists. The impact it has on their sales cannot be missed. The week before the Super Bowl always sees a surge in shopping that pumps quite a good amount of money into the economy. Americans spend close to one million man hours doing shopping mainly for food items that are consumed during the game. That has always been the trend and indications show that it getting bigger whether there is a recession or not. The event is big food eating event and shoppers are estimated to spend at least $55 million on food alone. Infrastructure China invested heavily in the build up to the Olympics; South Africa is involved in massive up gradation n of infrastructure ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The same trend can be seen in Brazil and London who are in line to stage the Olympics as well. The same scenario is common in the build up to NFL games. Its a critical component that is a must for the any successful staging. Huge investments from local authorities, NFL and individuals in preparation to the staging of the Super Bowl provide the stimulus money that is needed to boost the local economies. The successful attraction of the event to the host city calls for the capability for the host city to provide the venue, hotels, and transport and entertainment facilities. Public health and safety facilities re also renovated to meet the demand that comes with the people attending the event (Feinstein, 2007). An increased need to renovate infrastructure fro such an event forces the authorities to repair them this ensure a positive long-term effect for the local economy log after the Super Bowl is gone. Roads, pavements and public utilities like parks are upgraded to be able to accommodate the high numbers of travelers entering the city. The stadium where the event is staged is the single biggest infrastructure activity that the host city carries. It has to meet the minimum requirements that the NFL sets. The authorities inject substantial amounts of money normally in hundreds of millions into the economies in the efforts to renovate the NFL stadiums. Since 1995 through 2003 604 billion dollars has been spent on renovating twenty one NFL stadiums (Leiker, 2005). The renovation is a source of numerous jobs that boost the citys employment rate. Publicity There is always a media blitz that accompanies such a sporting event with a national following. The kind of publicity that the host city gets is enough to boost its image among attendee and non attendees. Prospective investors and tourists get a chance for an in-depth review of the cities potential. The city is therefore saved millions in terms of advertising itself as premier business or tourist destination. Jobs With such an event the demand for labor rises. This leads to the creation of jobs that are needed in the overall preparation pf the event. They range from skilled experts to part-time social workers who tend to visitors new to the city. These experts normally sourced locally comprise of construction workers, planners and organizers. The Super Bowl is thought to create an estimated minimum of 500 jobs any time that its staged. In other cases there have been statistics that suges5t that in fact the event creates far more jobs than its reported. According to Christopher and Peters (2006) the event created over 2700 jobs in Atlanta Georgia besides the $166 million that it pumped into the economy. That is quite the most direct impact that the host city feels. Though most of these jobs are short-term and part-time, there is good compensation that comes along with it that makes them economically viable. Local authorities hire residents for the jobs thus helping in the retention and circulation of the money in the local economy. Confidence building The successful staging of such a sports event like Super Bowl build confidence in the management of the city. Together with the publicity that the city gets pairs up to ensure long-term success of the economic ventures of the city. Criticism However no everyone agrees with the notion that Super Bowl is an economic resuscitating machine in the host city. There is some positives but not as they are put forward by industry players. They have presented their case with researches that advance reasons why they think that is the case. Some scholars have accused the NFL of inflating the figures that are presented to cities that are bidding to host the event. They assert that the economic impact is not as big as its meant to look on paper. The figures according to them are presented to be ale to convince reluctant cities into accepting the NFL proposals. There is a general agreement among the critical scholars that the estimates normally never go beyond gross measures. There is also a feeling among these scholars that the multiplier effect they economists use to estimate the economic impact of sports events may not be accurate after all and it pants the incorrect picture as far as the benefits are concerned. Further more the use of expenditure multipliers is not clear in cases like where for instance hotels are owned by a nationwide chain. It does not clearly articulate the fraction of the revenue that remains and circulates in the particular locality where expenditure occurs. The average impact is likely to be a quarter of or less the estimates that are presented by the NFL. According to Leiker (2005), several factors lead to the wrongful estimation of the economic impact of the Super Bowl. Investigator bias and data measurement error rank high as some of the leading factors that are used influence the inaccurate presentation of economic impact figures. Capacity constraint and changing product relationships are the other factors that Porter came up with. He arrived at the conclusion after reviewing the available short-term data on sales receipts for a number of Super Bowls. Polzer (2003) postulates that, after examining twenty five Super Bowls from 1973-1977 concluded that Super Bowl was only responsible for the creation of 535 jobs. The economic impact of the game according to them was not in the hundreds of millions but roughly 30 million dollars. That represented roughly a tenth of the figure that NFL touted. On the same note, Coates and Humphrey (2002) examined the post season play in all American sports. They concluded that hosting the Super Bowl had little or no statistical impact on the per capita income of the city residents where the championship was staged. Conclusion The following facts are clear from the findings above. That millions of dollars are received as revenue by authorities and individuals of the host city of the Super Bowl event That, there are jobs created due to the staging of the event in the city that that is the host. These clearly are indicators of positive outcomes of the event on the economy of the city. There is a long-term positive economic effect that the host city enjoys after the event is over. This is from the publicity that comes along with the staging of the championship game. The improvement of infrastructure certainly bodes well for the host city since it will not need to undergo major renovations should the event or an equivalent come up again. Whether or not the figures that are presented in the by civilian and sports authorities are real, remains to the subject of discussion. Even if they do not amount into the proportions that are presented there must be some net benefit that is realized from the successful staging of a Super Bowl championship game. The event still has a lot of potential that has yet to be tapped. The numerous studies that have been conducted provide the pointers as to where the weaknesses are and what needs to be done. Though its not guaranteed that the event can be staged in any particular city, the earnings from the sport can be improved. That is what the future host cities need to focus on.